Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Narrative Structure in A Farewell to Arms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Narrative Structure in A Farewell to Arms - Essay Example Even though the emotions of the story have an emotional depth and complexity of spirit, the language that is used throughout the novel is that of simplistic sentence structures and short, pointed sentences that move the story forward. Using skills that reflect his ability to construct a complexity of emotion, Hemingway also provides the male perspective, the use of language designed to reflect the way in which a male experiences his story. The narrative style in the novel by Hemmingway is based upon tensions that are placed at intervals so that the reader is pulled from one end to the next through styles and motifs that alternate from one extreme to the next. As an example, the dialogue will run until a certain point has been achieved, and then will be contrasted with an active element, the contrast providing a narrative structure that provides the building of tension through episodes of revelation that place context into the action of the work. The build up throughout the work is ac complished in this back and forth contrast through themes, narrative styles, and the development of the ways in which these contrasts develop the emotional build up provides for a momentum that carries the reader through the novel.

Monday, October 28, 2019

America’s Foreign Policy Essay Example for Free

America’s Foreign Policy Essay Since the end of the Cold War, the relationship between the U.S. government and the media has become increasingly significant. Coupled with the number of humanitarian interventions during the 1990’s, it begs the question, how far is the media responsible for the creation of U.S. foreign policy? Somalia, a nation wracked by civil war and famine, stirred the United Nations particularly the U.S. into action, but how far was the media responsible? It is argued that the CNN effect played a substantial role in U. S. foreign policy, as it was displaying graphic images and news stories of the crisis to the U.S. public, creating uproar over the situation, and a demand to ‘do something now’. Combined with the media’s ability to frame the news into a positive or negative light, this demonstrates the power the media has over public opinion. This in turn created pressure on the policy-makers of the U.S. and the United Nations to act, which is demonstrated in Operation Continue Hope, and UNOSOM (United Nations Operation in Somalia)I and II. However, it is also argued that the collapse of the USSR, and the attempt to create a New World Order was a deciding factor in the U.S.’s foreign policy. Without the constraints of competing ideologies and the USSR in the United Nations Security Council, the U.S. wanted to develop a world foreign policy based upon cooperation, economic development and humanitarian intervention for those in need. With the U.S. as the remaining great Superpower, it was considered their duty to take the lead and show the world how it is done – hence the foreign policy concerning Somalia. It is in my judgment that the media played a substantial part in affecting U.S. foreign policy, due to the effect it had upon the U.S. citizens, and their outcry for immediate action. However, the media is not solely responsible for the actions of the U.S., as other factors like the New World Order played its part too, which I shall demonstrate throughout this essay. The previous government, the Somali Democratic Republic, under the leadership of Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, posed the question of who would succeed the ailing leader, who had been seriously injured in a car accident. This, and the lessening of its strategic importance in the final years of the Cold War, and the reduction of Soviet support, opened up in Somalia an opportunity for rebellion. The government was becoming increasingly totalitarian, performing human atrocities against resistance movements who wanted freedom from the military dictatorship. This eventually led to the outbreak of civil war, the toppling of Barre’s regime, and a power vacuum, with various warlords vying for control. When increasing reports of human atrocities, and starving citizens reached the international community, with food prices rising by 800-1200%, President Bush, and the United Nations Security Council passed a unanimous resolution in December 1992, to deploy peacekeeping forces, and huma nitarian relief to Somalia, aimed at stabilizing the situation, with ‘all necessary means to guarantee the delivery of humanitarian aid in accordance to Chapter VII of the United Nations charter. The U.S. led United Nation forces initially met with success in providing aid to the nation, however, in 1995; United Nations peacekeepers were forced to withdraw after public opinion turned as a result of significant peacekeeper casualties, and its failure to capture General Mohamed Farah Aidid, the major warlord figure in the country. I shall now argue how the media held great responsibility for the U.S.’s foreign policy in Somalia during the 1990’s, due to the CNN effect. Since the end of the Cold War, the increasing willingness of Western governments to intervene militarily during humanitarian crises, coupled with significant levels of Western media attention to the consequences of ‘distant’ civil wars, raised substantive questions regarding the media-state relationship. Western media has enjoyed greater amounts of freedom since the toppling of the USSR, and the rise of U.S. hegemony, resulting in greater access to ‘on-scene’ news articles, and the ability to show them to the rest of the world. Coupled with the development of the internet in the 1990’s, CNN and other media stations are able to bring images and information to the public 24 hours a day. This is demonstrated when the initial U.S. marines who landed on the beaches of Mogadishu, were greeted by a swarm of American journalists and star correspondents, who had been given advance notice of the landing. With the ability to control what information is shown to their audiences, the media has a certain amount of control over public opinion, which in turn has an effect upon the government who represents them. For example, the U.S. government was already aware of the situation in Somalia before CNN shared the story, and yet was not compelled to intervene. However, once the stor y became public, the U.S., and the United Nations received a vast amount of pressure to acknowledge the situation, and act accordingly. This is known as a ‘strong CNN effect’, the ability of the media to steer the policy makers in the direction the media wants by influencing which images are shown to the public. By 1992, Somalia had become a non-functioning state. Its government and related services collapsed. Hundreds of thousands of Somalis had died, and estimated 1.5million Somali people were in imminent danger of starvation, and another 3.5million to a lesser extent. All these images were shown by media stations like CNN to the world, capturing the sense of despair and devastation, and energising a ‘must do something now feeling’, resulting in President George H. W. Bush to take the lead in the United Nations mission to prevent this humanitarian crisis. This demonstrates how the media had become greatly influential in U.S. politics, and why it holds a substantial amount of responsibility for the U.S. foreign policy in the initial invasion. Furthermore, just as the media had substantial influence on the U.S. entering Somalia in 1992, the media used this same influence to bring about the end of the humanitarian mission in 1995. In March 1993, the U.S. pushed for a more direct role in combating the various warlords in Somalia and protecting the citizens the United Nations mission had saved from starvation. This was approved by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 794, authorising the use of ‘all necessary means to establish as soon as possible a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations in Somalia’. This was met with support from the U.S. public, as during the early media reports of the intervention, words that were supportive and emphatic were used twice as many times as words which were critical and distancing. This use of positive framing and optimistic language built a support for the intervention. Initially, the U.S. led forces were successful, capturing high-ranking members of Aidi d’s government, and preventing the massacre of Somali citizens. However, on the 3rd October, the U.S. attempted to capture two high-profile lieutenants of Aidid in the city of Mogadishu, when two Black Hawk Helicopters were shot down by the Somali militia. The following rescue attempt turned what should have been an hour’s operation into an overnight standoff in the city. The battle resulted in 18 U.S. deaths, 80 wounded, and 1 helicopter pilot captured. This became known as The Battle of Mogadishu. In the wake of the battle, the media had access to images of the dead and battered American servicemen, and the victorious Somali forces parading the captured U.S. helicopter pilot Corporal William Durant through the streets of Mogadishu. Shockingly they also dragged the naked corpse of a U.S. soldier past a mob of Somali citizens who vented their anger by spitting on, stoning and kicking the body, in the full view of the cameras. In light of this news, the media changed the framing of the Somali crisis, and began to challenge the government, h ighlighting the casualty ratings the U.S. forces were sustaining. While the public had strongly supported the former President Bush’s decision to send U.S. troops to Somalia to stop the starvation, support had now almost vanished. On Capitol Hill, mounting calls for a withdrawal of U.S. troops rose to a level that newly elected President Clinton could not ignore, and announced the exit of U.S. troops by March 1994. Through the use of a ‘strong CNN effect’, the media completely turned U.S. public opinion on the Somali intervention. The starving Somali citizens, who had been the victims at the start of the intervention, had become the victimisers, who had attacked foreign soldiers who were trying to help them. The public opinion might not have deteriorated quite so substantially, if the images accompanying the story had not been present, or if the media hadn’t worded their stories quite so negatively. After all, hearing about the deaths is one thing, to see it before your eyes is quite another. This therefore, demonstrates how the media, through the use of strong CNN effect, were able to steer public opinion into entering Somalia, and out of Somalia when the situation deteriorated. Although the media holds the majority of responsibility for the U.S.’s foreign policy in Somalia, Presidents Bush and Clinton’s drive to create a New World Order also holds partially responsibility. In the wake of the Cold War, President George H. W. Bush and President Mikhail Gorbachev tried to define this new era, and the great spirit of power cooperation they hoped to see. This is highlighted in a speech by Bush, in which he indicated ‘America and the world must defend common vital interests, support the rule of law and stand up to aggression’. With this new drive to create a better world, one with cooperation between major powers, rebuilding the world and projecting a new world with greater prospects for a new millennium. Therefore, when humanitarian crises like Somalia arose, President Bush saw it as U.S.’s duty as the richest and most powerful nation in the world, to lead the international mission to save these civilians from starvation. It was hoped, that along with saving those in need, the U.S. could inspire the rest of the world to share this image of a New World Order, and help build a better tomorrow. However, since the U.S. knew about Somalia before the media published the story, it doesn’t suggest that the New World Order was the major factor in deciding to intervene in the crisis. In conclusion, the media was greatly responsible for the U.S. foreign policy in Somalia, and was, in my judgment, the main factor which decided the issue initially to intervene in Somalia, and then to exit. Firstly, through the use of a strong CNN effect, the media framed the issue, and showed images to the public in order to create uproar amongst the population. This was done in order to manipulate the policy-makers into examining the situation, and ultimately become involved. This is demonstrated by the images of starving civilians, and the chaos the various warlords and clans were creating throughout the nation. These tactics would develop a ‘do something now’ feeling. Moreover, the media was also the leading factor in the U.S. exiting from Somalia, because the media station had changed the framing of the stories to negative and critical challenges of the governments mission in Somalia. This combined with the images of The Battle of Mogadishu, and the victimisation the U.S. soldiers had suffered, dramatically changed public opinion against the U.S. foreign policy in Somalia. However, the media was not the only factor in deciding U.S. foreign policy. President Bush’s idea of a New World Order, one based on the ideas of superpower cooperation, economic prosperity and humanitarian intervention also played a part in why President Bush would send U.S. soldiers to Somalia. It was considered the U.S.’s duty to help those in need, with the hope that their example could also inspire the rest of the world to accept the New Order, and help create a new and better world, rather than the conflict and tensions which had been experienced during the Cold War. However, the New World Order arguments are not as convincing as those for the conclusive influence of the media, as the U.S. government was already of aware of the situation in Somalia before the media developed the story, suggesting that it was the public outcry that decided the issue for the U.S.’s policy makers. Which is why, it is in my judgment that the media holds the majority of the responsibility for America’s foreign policy in Somalia during the 1990’s. Bibliography: 1. Taisier Ali and Robert Matthews, Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolutions, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Canada, 1999, p.p.183 2. Ekaterina Balabanova, Media, Wars and Politics: Comparing the Incomparable in Western and Eastern Europe, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire, 2007, p.p. 8 3. Arthur Banks Thomas Muller and William Overstreet, Political Handbook of the World 2008, CQ Press Publishers, Alexandria/US, 2008, p.p. 1198 4. George H.W. Bush, Address before a joint session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, 9:09p.m. in the House Chamber at the Capitol, 1900 5. Jocelyn Coulon, translated by Phyllis Arnoff and Howard Scott, Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping and the New World Order, Les Casques Bleus Publishers, Canada, 1994 p.p. 78 6. Nina Fitzgerald, Somalia: Issues, History and Bibliography, Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, 2002, p.p. 26 7. George Kohn, Dictionaries of War, Facts on File Publishers Inc., New York, 2007, p.p. 511 8. Piers Robinson, Operation Restore Hope and the Illusion of a News Driven Media Intervention, Political Studies 49, 2001, p.p. 941-956 9. Piers Robinson, The CNN Effect: The myth of news, foreign policy and intervention, Routledge Publishers, London, 2002, p.p. 1 10. Ken Rutherford, Humanitarianism under Fire: The US and UN intervention in Somalia, Kumarain Press Publishers, Sterling, 2008, p.p. Preface xv 11. James Scott, After the End: Making U.S. foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World, Duke University Press, North Carolina, 1999, p.p. 330 12. Richard Stewart, The United States Army in Somalia 1992-1994, Dept. of the Army Publishers, 2003 p.p. 23 13. Warren Strobel, Late-Breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media’s influence on Peace Operations, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, 1997, p.p. 167 14. United Nations Security Council, Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, http://www.un.org/sc/committees/751/ 15. Thomas Weiss and Don Hubert, The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background: Supplementary Volume to the report of the international commission on intervention and state sovereignty, International Development Research Centre Publishers, Ottawa, 2002, p.p. 96 [ 1 ]. Arthur Banks Thomas Muller and William Overstreet, Political Handbook of the World 2008, CQ Press Publishers, Alexandria/US, 2008, p.p. 1198 [ 2 ]. Nina Fitzgerald, Somalia: Issues, History and Bibliography, Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, 2002, p.p. 26 [ 3 ]. Taisier Ali and Robert Matthews, Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolutions, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Canada, 1999, p.p.183 [ 4 ]. United Nations Security Council, Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, http://www.un.org/sc/committees/751/ [ 5 ]. George Kohn, Dictionaries of War, Facts on File Publishers Inc., New York, 2007, p.p. 511 [ 6 ]. Piers Robinson, The CNN Effect: The myth of news, foreign policy and intervention, Routledge Publishers, London, 2002, p.p. 1 [ 7 ]. Jocelyn Coulon, translated by Phyllis Arnoff and Howard Scott, Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping and the New World Order, Les Casques Bleus Publishers, Canada, 1994 p.p. 78 [ 8 ]. Ekaterina Balabanova, Media, Wars and Politics: Comparing the Incomparable in Western and Eastern Europe, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire, 2007, p.p. 8 [ 9 ]. Ken Rutherford, Humanitarianism under Fire: The US and UN intervention in Somalia, Kumarain Press Publishers, Sterling, 2008, p.p. Preface xv [ 10 ]. Thomas Weiss and Don Hubert, The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background: Supplementary Volume to the report of the international commission on intervention and state sovereignty, International Development Research Centre Publishers, Ottawa, 2002, p.p. 96 [ 11 ]. Piers Robinson, Operation Restore Hope and the Illusion of a News Dr iven Media Intervention, Political Studies 49, 2001, p.p. 941-956 [ 12 ]. Richard Stewart, The United States Army in Somalia 1992-1994, Dept. of the Army Publishers, 2003 p.p. 23 [ 13 ]. James Scott, After the End: Making U.S. foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World, Duke University Press, North Carolina, 1999, p.p. 330 [ 14 ]. Warren Strobel, Late-Breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media’s influence on Peace Operations, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, 1997, p.p. 167 [ 15 ]. George H.W. Bush, Address before a joint session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, 9:09p.m. in the House Chamber at the Capitol, 1900

Saturday, October 26, 2019

alcohol and advertising Essay -- essays research papers fc

Alcohol and Advertising Throughout the history of television, viewers have raised many questions about alcohol advertising. Does advertising influence alcohol consumption? Does it has an impact on alcohol abuse or alcohol related disease and death? How is advertising affecting us? The goal of this essay is to collect evidence, both theoretical and empirical, that would address the question of whether advertising affects in any measurable manner alcohol consumption and mortality from alcoholism and alcohol related disease. The alcohol and advertising industries argue that as alcoholic drink is a legal product it should be legally possible for it to be advertised, and that bans on alcohol advertising would have adverse effects on the alcohol market and on the media. They also argue that bans are not justified as advertising is concerned with promoting sales of individual brands and there is no evidence of a causal link between advertising and the overall level of alcohol consumption or the amount of alcohol related harm. The main arguments are that as well as promoting brands, advertising is also concerned with recruiting new drinkers and increasing sales among existing, and especially heavy consumers. (Fisher 22-24) Henry Saffer, a New York economist who focuses in alcohol research, assures that alcohol advertising is increasing traffic accidents and alcohol consumption. He declares,  ¡Ã‚ §Until now, most of the studies done on the subject conclude that alcohol advertising doesn...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Trials of Howard Roarke :: essays research papers fc

THE TRIALS OF HOWARD ROARK I. INTRODUCTION There are some literary beginnings so well-known as immediately to call to mind the books in which they appear: â€Å"Call me Ishmael†;1 â€Å"It was the best of times. It was the worst of times†;2 and, increasingly, â€Å"Howard Roark laughed.†3 So begins the novel, The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand. Published in 1943, The Fountainhead continues to sell 100,000 copies a year.4 For millions it provides the introduction to a philosophical/social movement known as â€Å"Objectivism.† It has been suggested that Objectivism provided intellectual grounding for the decline of left-liberalism and the expanding influence of a libertarian shift in American culture.5 Yet despite its influence, the book has engendered scant academic attention6 and virtually no attention in the legal academy. In The Fountainhead, as in all of Rand’s mature fictional works, the law—more specifically, one or more trial scenes—figures prominently. Indeed, in all of them trials are essential elements of the plot development.7 Although Rand’s work is hardly unique in its use of the trial for dramatic purposes,8 it is distinctive in its use of the trial as illustrative of moral or philosophical principles.9 One would expect, therefore, that [431] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- at least in the philosophical literature of Objectivism, one would find discussion about the role and meaning of law; but one would be disappointed. Apart from occasional bromides about the importance of objective law, there is precious little, even in Objectivist literature, about law. Leonard Peikoff, Rand’s intellectual heir, has written what is perhaps the most systematic exegesis of Rand’s philosophy.10 The index to his book has no independent listing for â€Å"law†; it lists law only as a subhead of government, under the rubric â€Å"as requiring objective law.†11 His discussion consumes just a few pages and is devoted almost entirely to criminal law.12 The couple of paragraphs on civil law are devoted entirely to the law of contracts.13 Moreover, the treatment is incredibly superficial and seems to equate objectivity to particular concretes, as if abstractions could not be objective—a position one would think Rand would find antithetical to her philosophy, which placed a premium on the conceptual level of awareness.14 The other leading book length interpretations of Rand’s work also lack so much as an index entry for law.15 This essay is an attempt at filling the void in legal scholarship and Objectivist literature at the intersection of law and Objectivism. I do not attempt a comprehensive examination of the Objectivist view of law.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Depression and African-American Men Essay

First of all it is important to understand what really constitutes depression. All of us feel down from time to time perhaps based on having a â€Å"bad day†. However when feelings of sadness last for several weeks, months, or years, and are accompanied by other symptoms such as change of appetite, isolation from family and friends, sleeplessness, etc. these are symptoms of depression. In 1999 Dr. David Satcher, Surgeon General of the United States, and an African-American, released a Report on Mental Health that was a landmark moment for America. This was the first comprehensive report on the state of the nation’s mental health issued by America’s â€Å"physician-in-chief.† It is both an inventory of the resources available to promote mental health and treat mental illness, and a call to action to improve these resources. It paints a portrait of mental illness, filling the canvas with the faces of America, revealing that the effects of mental illness cut across all the nation’s dividing lines, whether gender, education, economic status, education, or race. However, the 2001 supplement to the original 1999 report indicates that it probably affects African American men more adversely than it does the general population.†Mental Health: Culture, Race and Ethnicity,† which is the title of the supplement by Dr. Satcher, says that â€Å"racial and ethnic minorities collectively experience a greater disability burden from mental illness than do whites.† The supplemental report goes even deeper in that it highlights the disparity that exists for black men in mental health as it does in relation to most health problems. For example, African-American men are more likely to live with chronic health problems, and studies show that living with chronic illnesses increases the risk of suffering from depression. In a 2002 report, â€Å"The Burden of Chronic Diseases and Their Risk Factors, † the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention points out that African American Men have the highest rates of prostate cancer and hypertension in the world. The report also says that black men are twice as likely as white men to develop diabetes, and suffer higher rates of heart disease and obesity. The American Cancer Society’s report entitled â€Å"Cancer Facts and Figures†, and written in 2003 found that black men are more than twice as likely as white men to die from prostate cancer. We are also more likely than others to wait until an illness reaches a serious stage before we seek treatment. Often times treatment is not sought until we are in emergency rooms, homeless shelters, or prisons. According to a report by the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation in 2003, men in general are three times less likely than women to visit a doctor, and African-American men specifically are less likely than white men to go to a doctor prior to them being in poor health. This is the case for physical ailments. When one factors in the stigma attached to mental illness, and other barriers that keep us from getting help, it is easy to see why black men are even less likely to seek treatment for depression. Yet, the nation, including the African-American community is often silent on this issue. The silence on the subject among blacks is due, in part, to our lack of vocabulary to talk about depression. We call depression â€Å"the blues† in the black community. We have been taught, at least in the past, and, to a certain extent even now, to shrug off this mental state. For many of us, it is not just a fact of life; it is a way of life. When bluesmen used to sing, â€Å"Every day I have the blues† or â€Å"It ain’t nothing but the blues† or similar words from hundreds of songs, they do more than mouth lyrics. They voice a cultural attitude. They state an accepted truth at the heart of their music: Having the blues goes along with being black in America. In addition, from the time we are young boys, black males have ingrained into us an idea of manhood that requires a silence about feelings, a withholding of emotion, and ability to bear burdens alone, and a refusal to appear â€Å"weak.† The internal pressure to adhere to this concept of masculinity only increases as we sometimes experience various forms of racism in a society that historically has sought to deny us our manhood. The internal wall that often keeps black men away from psychotherapy goes along with external barriers built just as high, if not higher. Mental health practitioners are overwhelmingly white, with the proportion of black psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychoanalysts estimated at less than three percent of the nation’s total. This would mean that even if black men were to break through the self-imposed barriers and seek professional help for mental issues, it may be difficult to find someone with whom they can build a rapport, and whom they feel can relate to them, and they can trust. This feeling of comfort is what allows a patient to reveal his most intimate secrets. As Dr. Richard Mouzon, a prominent black clinical psychologist puts it, â€Å"Many of us grow up feeling that it is dangerous to give up too much of yourself to the white man.† There’s no denying that access to mental health care is restricted for Americans in general. In private health insurance policies and government medical assistance programs, psychotherapy is too often considered a luxury rather than a necessity. It has been said often times that the only people with a guaranteed right to health care are the inmates of our jails and prisons. That is even more true of mental health care.Unfortunately, this is a right that is of marginal value; while many black men receive their first treatment for mental illness behind bars, that treatment is likely to be directed at keeping them under control rather than alleviating the effects of their illness. Our health care system assures preventative measures and early intervention for mental health problems only to the privileged, just as it does for physical health problems. The disparity is so great in minority communities that for many, mental illness receives attention only when it reaches a florid stage, in public hospitals’ emergency rooms and psychiatric wards, or worse, in its aftermath, when people with mental illness may end up behind bars and in morgues. According to a new study reported on by the † Health Behavior News Service†, jobless African-American men appear to be at a greater risk of suffering from depression. While the issue of unemployment offers at least one possible explanation for why the symptoms of depression might be experienced, more puzzling is the fact that African-American men who were making more than $80,000 per year were still at a higher risk for depression. In order to come to their conclusions, Dr. Darrell Hudson, Ph.D., and his fellow researchers carefully screened the data provided by the â€Å"National Survey of American Life.† During their analysis, they took into account how much various factors such as social class, income, education, wealth, employment, and parental education level related to depressive symptoms. â€Å"After measuring depression in a very comprehensive way, the results were not very consistent. We need to figure out as a general public: Is there a cost associated with socioeconomic position or moving in an upward trajectory?† said Dr. Hudson. For the purpose of the research 3,570 African-American men and women who experienced depressive episodes within the past year of their lives were studied. Men who made over $80,000 per year reported more symptoms of depression than those making less than $17,000 per year. However, unemployed black men were more likely to report depression during that year compared to employed men. Men who completed some college or beyond were less likely to experience depressive symptoms than those who did not complete high school. Women, on the other hand, did not appear to suffer the same rates of depression. Females who earned between $45,000 and $79,000 were less likely to report symptoms of depression than those with the least income. The study appeared in the journal â€Å"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.† According to Dr. Hudson: â€Å"One thing could be going on with African-American men with greater incomes. The more likely they are to work in integrated settings, the more likely they are to be exposed to racial discrimination. Racial discrimination can undermine some of the positive effects of socioeconomic position like the increased benefits of more income.† Some black men who suffer from depression may think suicide is the answer. It is not. Men that become suicidal don’t realize that they are repeating the cycle, burdening their children with the same loneliness the father had endured. Their kids would grow up with the knowledge that their father had taken his life. Depression can be very paralyzing to African-Americans. This vile illness affects men from all walks of life, from the black executive to the young street hustler. In many documented cases, several socially advanced black men have suffered from depression for many years and refused to receive treatment. This is a very disturbing undercurrent. If educated, accomplished, and highly informed black men refuse to seek treatment for depression, just imagine how difficult it is for uneducated or poor black men to seek help. Some experts believe that depression is likely a key factor in a 233 percent increase in suicide in black males ages 10-14 from 1980 to 1995. According to Dr. Satcher: â€Å"Black men feel that they have to be twice as good as other people, that you can’t be weak because people will take advantage of you. Those pressures work powerfully against a black male seeking treatment for depression and other mental illnesses.† About one in four African-Americans is uninsured, compared with about 16 percent of the U.S. population overall. African-Americans are less likely to receive antidepressants, and when they do, they are more likely than whites to stop taking them. Particularly troubling to those who study and treat mental illness in black men is their disproportionately higher rates of incarceration than other racial groups. Nearly half of the U.S. prison population is black, and about 40 percent of those in the juvenile justice system is black. It is a very difficult and very serious situation for these young men and for society. Psychiatrists who work with the homeless as well as with black youth say they see dozens of black males each year head to jail or juvenile justice when they should be in treatment centers.They blame,in some form or another, depression, or other related mental illnesses. â€Å"It happens all the time and it’s very alarming,† said Dr. Raymond J. Kotwicki, Medical Director of Community Outreach Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, at Emory University School of Medicine, in a recent statement. While all mental illnesses often come wrapped in some sort of stigma or negative connotation, mental illnesses in black men are even more entangled. Historical racism and current cultural biases and expectations all play a part, mental health advocates say. Nearly two-thirds of African-Americans believe that mental illness is a shortcoming that can be overcome through prayer and faith, according to a study by the National Alliance for the mentally ill. Certainly prayer and faith may be helpful to someone suffering from mental illness, but is not a replacement for treatment by a professional. The neglect of emotional disorders among men in the black community is nothing less than racial suicide.Many experts argue that the problem of depression in black America can be traced back to the time of slavery, when it was believed that blacks were unable to feel inner pain because they had no psyche. This myth has damaged generations of African-American men and their families, creating a society that sometimes has defined black men as being violent and aggressive, without considering that depression (or other related mental illnesses) might be one root cause. The consequences of untreated mental illness can be dire. And the tragedy of the worst outcomes can be no greater than when the disorder is depression, one of the most common and treatable mental illnesses. The disease is painful, and potentially fatal, but eighty percent of those who get treatment get better. Yet, quite sadly, only twenty-five percent of those who need help get it. African-American men are especially prone to put ourselves in mortal danger because we readily embrace the belief that we can survive depression by â€Å"riding out† the illness and allowing it to run its course. The internal walls we build to keep out the world, along with the walls that society sometimes builds to isolate us, cut us off from the help we need. So we suffer, and we suffer needlessly. Please do not be ashamed of seeking help if you feel that you are suffering from depression, or any mental illness. There are very likely resources right in your own city or town such as a county Mental Health Center, even if you are uninsured. Those who are insured may choose a private hospital or psychiatrist, but don’t hesitate to get help. One resource that is available would be to call 1-877-331-9311, or 1-877-568-6230 to talk to a specialist at any time. This could change your life immensely, and could indeed save your life.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on The Tragic Hero Of Antigone

The Tragic Hero of Antigone Sophocles’ Antigone is the story of the battle between Antigone and Creon and their different views on laws placed by man and those placed by gods. Antigone is the classic tragic hero in the Greek tragedy. She has good intentions throughout the entire play; her one downfall is her tragic flaw of pride and being driven by emotions. Antigone is the daughter of Oedipus, the king, and she truly belongs in the high position of princess in the royal family of Thebes. Antigone has good morals and intentions throughout the play. She wants to see justice served even if she has to disregard the laws of man. â€Å"I never thought your mortal edicts had such force that they nullified the laws of heaven† (Antigone 210). She knows that without a proper burial, which is demanded by the gods, the gods in heaven will not accept Polyneices. Although Antigone is disobeying her king, she is very loyal to her family and the ones she loves. When Creon orders for Antigone and Ismene to be executed Antigone takes all the blame to save her sister. â€Å"She and her sister will not now escape the utmost penalty† (Antigone 211). â€Å"I did it too† says Ismene, but Antigone retorts with â€Å"That is not true you do not share with me, nor did I grant you partnership† (Antigone 214). Antigone is very prideful and she is also driven by her deep emotions, this is her tragic flaw. We see her pride when she does not let Ismene claim any responsibility of the burial and when she tells Ismene that she does not want her help. â€Å"I would not want you as a partner even if you asked† (Antigone 194). Antigone also has problems thinking straight because she reacts based solely on what her emotions tell her to do, instead of taking a well thought out course of action. When she hears of Creon’s creed to deny Polyneices burial she immediately goes against Creon. A better plan of action would have been for Antigone to address Creon... Free Essays on The Tragic Hero Of Antigone Free Essays on The Tragic Hero Of Antigone The Tragic Hero of Antigone Sophocles’ Antigone is the story of the battle between Antigone and Creon and their different views on laws placed by man and those placed by gods. Antigone is the classic tragic hero in the Greek tragedy. She has good intentions throughout the entire play; her one downfall is her tragic flaw of pride and being driven by emotions. Antigone is the daughter of Oedipus, the king, and she truly belongs in the high position of princess in the royal family of Thebes. Antigone has good morals and intentions throughout the play. She wants to see justice served even if she has to disregard the laws of man. â€Å"I never thought your mortal edicts had such force that they nullified the laws of heaven† (Antigone 210). She knows that without a proper burial, which is demanded by the gods, the gods in heaven will not accept Polyneices. Although Antigone is disobeying her king, she is very loyal to her family and the ones she loves. When Creon orders for Antigone and Ismene to be executed Antigone takes all the blame to save her sister. â€Å"She and her sister will not now escape the utmost penalty† (Antigone 211). â€Å"I did it too† says Ismene, but Antigone retorts with â€Å"That is not true you do not share with me, nor did I grant you partnership† (Antigone 214). Antigone is very prideful and she is also driven by her deep emotions, this is her tragic flaw. We see her pride when she does not let Ismene claim any responsibility of the burial and when she tells Ismene that she does not want her help. â€Å"I would not want you as a partner even if you asked† (Antigone 194). Antigone also has problems thinking straight because she reacts based solely on what her emotions tell her to do, instead of taking a well thought out course of action. When she hears of Creon’s creed to deny Polyneices burial she immediately goes against Creon. A better plan of action would have been for Antigone to address Creon...

Monday, October 21, 2019

How to Say Thank You in Latin

How to Say Thank You in Latin The people of the ancient Roman Empire, who spoke Latin, expressed the concept of thank you in multiple ways. A formal thank you was commonly said as gratias tibi ago.  A less formal thank-you was simply benigne. Thank You in Latin Gratias tibi ago literally means Thanks to you I give.  The singular of gratias is gratia,  which means  gratitude, esteem, obligation. So it makes sense that the plural would mean thanks. If you were thanking more than one person (thanks to you all I give), you would change the singular indirect pronoun tibi  to the plural vobis, like this:  Gratias vobis ago.   If more than one person is thanking someone, the singular verb  ago (I give)  becomes the plural  agimus  (we give):  Gratias tibi/vobis  agimus. The Grammar Behind the Phrase Using the idiom gratias ago  or some equivalent  was the typical way that Latin speakers formally thanked each other. Notice that both forms of you are in the dative case because this pronoun is the indirect object of the verb  ago. Tu is the dative singular form, while the dative plural form is  vobis.  The verb ago  is in the first-person singular present active indicative form. Agimus is the first-person plural. Latin didnt typically use the subject pronoun, thus we dont spell out the first-person  singular nominative pronoun  ego  or the first-person plural nos.  Gratias is in the accusative (direct object of ago) plural form of  gratia, a first-declension feminine noun.   Latin sentences typically follow the subject-object-verb word order, but this can change depending on what the speaker wants to emphasize, with the stressed word coming first. For instance, the usual I give thanks to you would employ the standard gratias tibi ago  order. To emphasize the person being thanked, use tibi/vobis gratias ago. To emphasize the person giving the thanks, use ago gratias tibi/vobis. Expressions Thank you very much. Gratias maximas (tibi ago). /  Gratias ago tibi valde.   Thanks be to God. Deo gratias. Thank you for something. The preferred way to express this is to use the preposition  pro with the noun (ablative case) referring to what youre thanking someone for.  Instead of pro, use propter with the noun as a gerund in the accusative case for a less idiomatic version. Form the  gerund by adding -ndum to the stem. I want to thank you for your kindness.   Gratias tibi propter misericordiam volo. We thank you for good friends. Tibi gratias agimus  pro amicitia. I thank you for food. Tibi gratias ago  pro cibo. We thank you for wine.   Tibi gratias agimus a vino.  Ã‚   Thank you for the gift.   Tibi gratias ago pro dono. Thank someone for something they did:  Ã‚  After pro, use a gerund in the ablative case.   Thank you for saving me. Tibi gratias ago pro me servando. Less Formal Latin for Thank You There are other ways of thanking that are less formal and seem more like the modern English thanks or its equivalents in Romance languages, such as the French  merci. To say thanks or no, thanks, just use the adverb  benigne (generously, kindly). Whether its an acceptance or a polite rejection depends on how you express it. For example: Benigne! Thank you! (Roughly How generous of you or How kind of you) Benigne ades.   Nice of you to come. Benigne dicis.   Nice of you to say so, which is an appropriate way to accept a compliment.   Source The Dative Case. The Ohio State University, Columbus OH.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

General Electrics under Welch

General Electrics under Welch Mission, Objectives, And Strategies Identifying. The mission of General Electric’s was to manufacture goods and prosper compared to other companies that operated into the same market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on General Electric’s under Welch specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main objectives of the company for the decades when Welch was the CEO concerned the initiatives introduced by him and the team of executives while every staff member was supposed to meet the goals and attain standards. The well-planned strategic development and implementation of the organisation introduced and maintained by Reg Jones, who became the GE’s CEO in 1973, was redesigned and eliminated by Jack Welch and replaced with â€Å"real time planning built around a five-page strategy playbook† (Bartlett and Wozny 3). Some strategies of the company can be seen as cutting down the number of areas in which the company specialises which now equals seven segments such as â€Å"aircraft engines, appliances, industrial products and segments, National Broadcasting Company (NBC), plastics, power systems, and technical products and services† (Pahl 11). At the same time, the business needed profound changes to be made because progress cannot be achieved using old strategies that do not reflect the modern situation. Besides, the country was in recession in terms of economic situation and the unemployment level was high when Jack Welch obtained a position of a CEO in GE’s. As claimed in the case by Bartlett and Wozny, â€Å"better than the best† was the major motto for Jack Welch as a new CEO of the General Electric’s and he applied this to all business units of the company (2). This motto can also be considered the strategies that occurred at the very beginning of his activities and in the period when the company was making it way to the global market in different secto rs of its specialisation. Another way/strategy to restructuring the company was an approach that gave Welch his nickname â€Å"Neutron Jack† (Bartlett and Wozny 3); this tool was aimed at eliminating ineffective branches and leaving the ones that could be fixed or improved in some way.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this respect, Welch created the company that could be operated under his governance. Though the new â€Å"standard for each business to become the #1 or #2 competitor in its industry – or to disengage† was set by Welch, this was not the main strategy of the organisation as the company needed a more complex approach to its operations (Bartlett and Wozny 2). Integration of staff and implementation of corporate culture was another strategy introduced by Welch that was aimed at improving the interactions between different links of the same chain. The next phase in Welch’s decisions concerned the software as one of the important building bricks in company’s restructuring and development. The interactions between each staff member as a link in the company were significant for the CEO and he tried to introduce the same relations into organisation as those typical of small firms where every person knows each other and can interact more effectively to add value to the company. As such, the ‘work-out’ sessions were presented and every staff member who had some suggestions concerning improvements in the company should have applied though the meetings were not documented to reduce bureaucracy. Increasing the standards of cultural adherence and individual value-adding, Welch implied that the staff members should be talented and aware of the company’s goals using their skills and company’s resources for personal development and growth of revenue. Welch saw the staff members self -reporting and self-assessing their personal value for the company and the ways this value-adding process can be improved (Bartlett and Wozny 3). The changes brought into the organisation by Jack Welch at the very beginning of his career as a CEO were mostly aimed at eliminating the structure to which the company and staff got used to but which should have been changed to fit the contemporary structure of the society and market taking into account the economic situation (the economy faced recession) and the need for technological innovations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on General Electric’s under Welch specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The next innovation was the ‘best practices’ tool which was aimed at learning from the most well-performing companies of that day and adopting their methods. In this respect, the employees started realising their mistakes and reviewing their approaches to work in order to fit the bill. The restructuring of the company at the beginning of Welch’s career at GE’s was planned to create a good ground for other changes enabling the company to go global. The globalisation of the company started rapidly and it took advantage of financial crisis in Asia to acquire many project as well as other companies and agreements all over the world. Personal and professional growth of employees was another important component in Welch’s strategy as he believed that competition he suggested for the company to be involved in had to start with the employees. So, the basis was created so that employees could develop their leadership and competition skills to meet the expectations of the CEO. Adapting the human resources to the objectives Welch had in mind was the starting point for implementation of competitive way of thinking and self-commitment. The coaching and training became the main activities managers carried out to develop the staff mem bers while the system of bonuses became more targeted at individual performance rather than on base salary and compensations. Services became another initiative by Welch that was promising in terms of value-adding and profitability. The ‘six sigma’ and ‘A players’ were additional initiatives introduced by Welch to improve the productivity of the company and its quality on different levels. The final initiative introduced by Jack Welch was the e-business as the step forward and a new way of making business as effectively as it used to be fifty years ago. High performance level was supported and strengthened with the help of high level of integration within the company reached through culture and values adopted and implemented from the best-performing companies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Talented team members were ‘cultivated’ in the organization through a set of tools and methods aimed at creating highly-integrated working staff adherent to company’s values and able to act in accordance with its values and rules sharing the open vision of the world and company’s perspectives. Evaluating effectiveness of initiatives. The effectiveness of strategies can be evaluated with the help of the revenue results after each strategy. However, it is possible to discuss the value of each strategy as they were often introduced at the same period and it would be complicated to trace their effect in revenue results. As such, the â€Å"real time planning† appeared to be more than effective as decrease of bureaucracy was aimed at engaging more staff members in useful activities. Besides, it became easier to change the plan in accordance with the changes that took place in the market and the world. As such, the â€Å"better that the best† strate gy can also be considered effective because the staff members were motivated to outperform the goals and competitors. A part of this strategy was the â€Å"fix sell or close† (Syrett 3) approach aimed at reviewing the company’s assets and finding some projects worth being acquired. Cultural integration was another effective strategy that can be divided into a number of smaller short- and medium-term goals such as coaching, sessions to report about possible options, and best practices adopted from other well-performing companies. All these tools and methods were designed to make the corporate culture stronger and more directed to the goals. In this respect, the self-assessment was used by each staff member to realise his/her value for the company and possible ways for improvement; ‘A players’ was a kind of programme created to develop leadership skills and selecting the employees that met company’s standards and shared its values. At the same time, t he ‘best practices’ were adopted to make employees and managers see how things can be done instead of simply performing their professional duties. The ‘six sigma’ was another effective strategy that can be considered a part of the ‘best practices’ methodology when the approach was adopted from AlliedSignal in order to improve the quality of work rather that productivity though the productivity increased as a result of the initiative. The services were taken into account as one more effective strategy that brought the company into the market of services provided to customers. Mission statement The mission statement was not formulated for General Electric’s though the history knows a lot of mottos and initiatives as well as visions of the situation and further changes by the CEO that can be combined into one mission statement. As such, it is possible to enumerate the basic strategies introduced by Jack Welch while obtaining a position of t he CEO in General Electric’s. Acquisitions made by the GE’s enabled it to operate in the global market (Peng 228) and spread its influence on other sectors including the branches that were not involved before but were promising for the company and its profitability. Besides, it made the company more open for other initiatives introduced as every branch located in a country different than the United States had a manger while senior executives controlled his/her activities from the headquarters though the company was not strictly centralised or decentralised. As such, the company used every opportunity to make successful acquisitions in different parts of the world. The mission statement of the company should include the best practices and the openness of the company for talented and skilful people who can adopt the values of the company and meet its standards. In addition, it is important to mention the cultural integration and ‘real time planning’ approach es that made the company the leader and multiplied its revenue. As such, the mission statement can look as follows: General Electric’s is a company with long history which does not bind its values because it stays open for fresh ideas that can influence the company’s standards and contribute positively to its performance leaving space for further improvements. Formulation And Implementation Of Strategies The strategies were aimed at leading the company to successful performance in terms of financial revenue. Strategies. The strategies were already enumerated and assessed while their implementation took a lot of time and efforts. Jack Welch was a talented CEO full of energy to bring the changes into the company even if nobody supports his decisions. As such, the implementation of some strategies was not as active or pleasant as others. However, it is also necessary to note that the changes in the corporate culture also influenced the way the strategies are perceived. As such, the implementation of bets practices was active and effective as every employee tried to contribute to the overall performance and adjust the work he/she does and the way it is done to the new standards adopted from other well-performing companies. Challenges and difficulties for the CEO. Jack Welch faced many challenges and difficulties while taking the company forward in accordance with the principles he though can be applied to this business unit. Regardless of the economic recession in the period when Welch was starting to bring changes into practice, the initiatives were effective and created a good ground for further improvements and growth. One of the reasons for negative acclaims of the initiatives introduced by the CEO were the cultural values of the staff members. Though the culture was later improved as well, the challenges still existed; to be more exact, the culture was adopted to Jack Welch’s vision of the company’s progress. More attention was giv en to employees’ skills and environment for their development which can be considered a victory over the old standards and the way employees and the process of adding value is treated. Another challenge was the readiness of employees to follow the principles suggested and meet standards. External Situation The external situation concerns the issues and processes that are not related to the inner structure of the company. Opportunities. The opportunities that the external situation suggested for Jack Welch as the CEO of the General Electric’s can be enumerated in the following way: 1) acquisitions and divestitures; 2) the situation in the market and financial crisis as a chance to acquire other projects; 3) other companies to adopt the best practices. As such, the opportunities were numerous and the CEO only had to take advantage of them. However, as it was already mentioned, Welch had to change the employees’ perception of the company, of their job, duties, and outcomes, and other aspects that matter in maintaining the company of such a scale. At the same time, the acquisitions and divestitures can be considered a good platform for development of global business relations if talking about acquiring foreign companies as well as partnership relations with the world leaders in different industries. Financial crisis enables the GE’s to gain a strong position at the Japanese market while the best practices adopted from well-performing companies improved the company’s quality and increased the profit. Threats. The treats in the market include other companies that could take advantage of the GE’s potential failures if the initiatives introduced by Welch do not have the expected effect. Besides, some acquisitions could happen to be unprofitable and lead the company to ineffective financial performance which could also result in Welch’s resigning. Every practice adopted from other companies could occur to be inapplicable to the General Electric’s structure and operations. One of the most serious challenges was that the company would stay a domestic firm with no perspectives for growth though it managed to become the leading one in many industries and the â€Å"#1 or #2 competitor† approach was effectively implemented in practice. Internal Situation The internal situation is related to the company’s structure and opportunities or conflicts that occur there becoming the platform for more or less effective changes in the company and the market. Opportunities. The internal opportunities for the company include its talented and full of energy CEO Jack Welch, talented and open employees and managers, the values cultivated in the company, and the basis consisting of a number of diversified activities that were profitable and effective in terms of job creation and revenue growth. In this respect, the actions by Welch provided the company with chances for success in the domestic market and on the international arena. At the same time, the favourable economic growth of the US economy after recession and fast recovery can be also considered opportunities that contributed greatly to the company’s profitability and growth. Talented employees and managers that were trained in the company that created the most positive environment for their open decisions, active interactions, and influential propositions are the second brick in the structure of General Electric’s. Besides, the changes that took place in company’s culture in terms of values and the issue of how the process is carried out rather than what is achieved became the core concepts for development of a strong company. Threats. The internal threats mostly concerned the perception of the changes and the way they were introduced. As such, the corporate culture that existed before Welch obtained the position of the CEO in General Electric’s was not favourable for the introducing of the n ew values. As such, Welch had to use harsh methods and eliminate the structure to which the staff members got used to. Another threat was that other companies that operated in the domestic market could become more effective and gain the leading positions earlier than the GE’s targeting the market by themselves. Plausible Strategies The plausible strategies for the organisation may include some practices and methods that could have been implemented in the period of Welch being the CEO or as a continuation of effective performance started by this talented leader. As such, the strategies that could have been introduced then include the following ones: cooperation and partnership with the leading companies in the industry could have been developed whereas the partnership only occurred in the framework of the acquisitions and later global performance and the well-performing companies were regarded as sources of information about secrets of their success; the integrated culture sh ould have been changed at the very beginning of the change activity as the favourable climate would facilitate the perception of the changes while integrated culture was not the primary goal though it was an important step in carrying out the company’s mission aimed at attractive people who can interact actively and think openly; technological development could have been introduced simultaneously with the integrated culture issues. As one can see, these are not exactly the new strategies to be implemented but rather the assessment and some alterations to the strategies that have been introduced and became effective regarding the gained experience and contemporary practices. The strategies that could be introduced after Welch include development of business relations with markets where the presence of the company is small and focus on the e-commerce as one of the core features of the modern market. In addition, corporate social responsibility can become an effective tool for attracting talented people with fresh ideas as well as interactions with the community and green practices as a way to make the industry safer for the outer world. Strategies To Be Implemented The strategies mostly include the ones that were not introduced in the GE’s yet. Initiatives. The strategies that should be implemented include the activities related to corporate social responsibility as it is reported to improve the company’s performance and add value. This approach includes the feedback from customers and customer-oriented approach. Besides, the stakeholders as well as communities should be approached; this concerns the image of the company in the community. In addition, the environmental issues should be approached as one of the integral parts of the corporate social responsibility and contribute greatly to the positive image of the company and growth of its value as well. Justification. The customer oriented approach is important when dealing with people. Sp ecial importance to this method should be given in divisions that specialise in providing services because the services can always be improved using the customer’s feedback and taking into account suggestions and complaints. Charity and interactions with stakeholders can help the company improve its world-wide image and add value to company as the representatives of the community would appreciate the efforts the company makes in business and for the development of the community. The environmental protection can be considered one of the great ways to promote one’s ideas using the environmentalist mottos. However, the company can use recycling and other concepts to really save the nature. Major Issues In Implementation International norms are important as a part of the corporate social responsibility as the company operates in the international market and interacts with foreign companies developing partnerships. In this respect, the company should be able to carry out th eir duties in terms of business contracts taking into account the international laws and laws that are considered valid in foreign countries. Besides, the customer-oriented approach requires more attention to the ways the feedback is received and analysed to improve the quality of services or goods. The way the stakeholders, partners, and community are approached should coincide with the company’s corporate values though should also be adjusted for the parties concerned. As such, charity issues and different investment funds can be introduced to meet the expectations of the community while the stakeholders can be treated as partners with the same rights as the company. At the same time, it is necessary to remember about the employees who can be enabled to use the concepts related to the community-oriented approach for their families. For instance, a company can give loans for medical operations necessary for family members of employees. The environmental issues should be care fully approached in terms of recycling and energy-saving issues taking into account the energy branch of the company. Bartlett, Christopher A., and Meg Wozny. â€Å"GE’s Two Decade Transformation: Jack Welch’s Leadership.† Harvard Business School Review, 9-399-150 (2002): 1-24. Print. Pahl, Nadine. The Strategy Map for General Electric Medical Systems, 2002. Berlin: GRIN Verlag, 2009. Peng, Mike W. Business Strategies in Transition Economies. London: SAGE, 2000. Syrett, Michel. Successful Strategy Execution: How to Keep Your Business Goals on Target. London: Bloomberg Press, 2007.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Standard of Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Standard of Care - Assignment Example (4) Discuss the repercussions that could arise, both for the patient and you, in regards to injection of contrast media. Repercussions with the advent of contrast media could be severe for the patient. The patient might begin to have an interaction should he or she be receiving ink within the blood to have the patient’s innards show up on an imaging technology. The injections could not only prove to be only annoying or beginning a reaction, but the injections could also prove fatal if the patient had a very severe reaction and the injection was not stopped before the interaction progressed to the point where the patient was having a very bad reaction—whether it be due to certain medications the patient was on or other concomitant factors. (5) Explain the organization of the information supplied in the Physicians Desk Reference (PDR). The Physicians’ Desk Reference, or PDR, is basically a book that lists all of the medications that are administered today. One mu st, however, have the most recent copy of it, which is most relevant—because new medications are put on the market every year. The organization of the information in the PDR is generally just placed in alphabetical order. Usually, the generic and brand names are both listed in the book, but you just might have to look up the generic name instead of the brand name. It really depends upon what year of the PDR one is looking at, per se. (6) What are the benefits of physicians using PDRs in ordering prescriptions for their patients? The benefit of physicians using PDRs in ordering prescriptions for their patients is helpful, but not necessarily recommended. When a doctor is making out a prescription, he or she should carefully note... From the research it can be comprehended that the procedures, policies, and ultimate controls concerning Deanna have a lot to do with how well people manage patients’ medications. Deanna’s situation is special because she may have a worsening of her symptoms due to her extensive smoking habit every day. Thus, an inhaled corticosteroid will probably be prescribed for Deanna which will help relieve her symptoms considerably. So, a lot of the important decisions fall on the shoulders of doctors as well as nurses. It is only with much careful consideration and contemplation that doctors and nurses must take into account what are the proper limitations that must be considered when prescribing or, respectively, dispensing medication to patients. It is only with the greatest of care that these decisions should be taken into account. Hopefully, with the guidance of good doctors and nurses, it only makes sense that patients should be able to feel secure in their own environments , knowing that substances are properly controlled around them. If patients feel insecure about their environments because drugs are not properly controlled, this will be the downfall of a healthcare organization. It is with the careful planning and proper controls on medication that these differing situations can be kept under control, of course by having rigorous and stringent policies in place which control such situations. It is very important that all of these elements work in conjunction with each other in order to form organized healthcare organizations.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Cross-cultural management & HRM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cross-cultural management & HRM - Research Paper Example IHRM is concerned about managing the human capital at the international level at multinational companies (MNC). It is especially requisite to manage three types of employees’ i.e. domestic employees, host country employees as well as employees of the different countries. For this reason, it is a vital challenge for the human resource manager to handle the diversity effectively along with efficiently. This is because it is effectively related to the productivity of the organization when working collectively with the people of different cultures. According to Bernard Baruch stated regarding cross-cultural communication that â€Å"We did not all come over on the same ship, but we are all in the same boat† (Hord & et. al., 2009). In accordance with today’s working culture for the effective implementation of globalization, it is rapidly becoming enormous, as the business environment has expanded to the various geographical locations. Therefore, it is a major challenge for the HR managers of the MNCs to understand the cultural aspects of the different countries and geographical locations to promote the business and expand the market share, along with interacting and collaborating across boundaries using global communication technologies (Self, n.d.). However, there are also enormous positive aspects of cross-cultural diversity in the organization because it considers creativity along with innovation as well as provides various advantages which include helping an organization to enter the international arena. ... According to Bernard Baruch stated regarding cross cultural communication that â€Å"We did not all come over on the same ship, but we are all in the same boat† (Hord & et. al., 2009). In accordance with today’s working culture for the effective implementation of globalization it is rapidly becoming enormous, as the business environment has expanded to the various geographical locations. Therefore, it is a major challenge for the HR managers of the MNCs to understand the cultural aspects of the different countries and geographical locations to promote the business and expand the market share, along with interacting and collaborating across boundaries using global communication technologies (Self, n.d.). However, there are also enormous positive aspects of cross-cultural diversity in the organisation because it considers creativity along with innovation as well as provides various advantages which include helping an organisation to enter in the international arena. Diver sity among the team also is very helpful to improve elasticity and ensure quick response to any kind of challenges. A company with a diverse workforce can better serve and compete in the assorted market exceptionally beyond their imagination. Nevertheless, managing cross cultural elements in the organisation is very challenging, for this reason there is requirement to established open communication among all, supporting ongoing training and monitoring the various programmes to achieve the organisational targets (Crowe& Hogan, 2007). Therefore, the objective of the essay is to discuss the topic of measuring process in terms of workforce diversity taking care of national as well as organisational

Strategic and Tactical Goals of Memorandum Assignment

Strategic and Tactical Goals of Memorandum - Assignment Example The first tactical goal involves having all divisional leadership examine their current employee volumes and determine which positions do not require the use of current office space. This tactical goal would involve assessing the current job design and job responsibilities of each employee and then reporting on these functions via a formal report. This goal is designed to give the senior managers an opportunity to understand what is specifically behind each employee’s job description and determine whether they actually need ongoing use of limited office space. A secondary tactical goal in order to meet the restructuring strategic goal is to conduct a technology audit in order to determine which jobs could benefit from telecommuting without causing disruption to the current productivity outputs. Currently, the BRP and SAP software in the business allows for flexible, off-site job function if the employee is equipped with a remote software and computer package in their own homes. Divisional managers would need to evaluate which employees are the most likely to benefit from an autonomous working environment and would produce the largest, most motivated job outputs. It is the responsibility of managers looking for potential employees to move to a telecommuting environment to address their past history of attendance, performance, or ability to work with others in a large corporate environment. Those employees with the best track record should be considered first and discussions held with the information support desk to assist in getting the ri ght technology and supplies to the worker’s homes for immediate transfer through telecommuting. The largest issue with the tactical goal of assessing job roles is that employees might be resistant to being examined in this way, fearing that they may have future issues of job security as though the business may be  attempting to phase them out.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Lung Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lung Cancer - Essay Example Lung cancer originates in the lungs. Cancer is a disease that is usually associated with the wild growth of abnormal cells. In lung cancer, abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way in both or one of the lungs. Due to the fact that the cells are abnormal, they do not develop into healthy tissues and do not play any roles similar to those of normal lung cells. As abnormal cells continue to grow, they develop into a large mass known as a tumor. In a case where the tumor is located in the lungs, it can interfere with the lungs normal functions. DNA, which is a genetic component found in cells is contained in all body cells. Duplication of DNA occurs every time a mature cell divides to form new cells. For this reason, the new cells also contain DNA. Cells that are formed from the division of a mature cell are identical to the original cell in all ways. In the case where the cells are abnormal, this is usually related to a DNA error or mutation. This is usually the case in cancer. A lung cancer cell is a result of a series of mutations. Cells undergoing mutation can still function as normal cells; during this stage, the cells are said to be precancerous. With time, the cells become cancerous and it is during this time that they stop functioning as normal cells of the lungs. Lung cancer may be primary or secondary. This is usually determined by the point of origin of the growth of abnormal cells. This is because in some cases, cells travel from the original tumor to other parts of the body and continue growing there.

Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Agency - Essay Example People in power tend to manipulate those below them by controlling how they think and act. Foucault uses the Panopticon to represent power laboratory, which uses the staff and the prisoners as experiment specimens. The Panopticon and the town stricken by plague represent transformational changes of the disciplinary measure. The Plagued town scenario is an exceptional case, where power is used to eradicate an unusual evil. While the Panopticon represents a comprehensive prototype of human operation, a feature that defines day to day power relations. The Panopticon happens not to be a dream building structure, but a layout of power minimized to its ideal nature. It perfects power functioning by multiplying the number of individuals under power control, and minimizing power operators. Power is made more effective and economical. Considering the works done by Susan Bordo and Richard Miller in their essays Beauty (Re) discovers the male Body and The Dark Night of Soul respectively, several aspects of agencies are being discussed. By using Foucault way of thinking on the essays of Bordo and Miller, we can be able to deduce how Foucault might treat the particular materials used choose for their examples. For instance, taking one example from Bordo in her essay Beauty (Re) discovers the male Body; she discusses about how the agency of men as supposed to be masculine and in charge has taken a different route whereby males are assuming ladies position. Taking an example from this essay about the advertisement she came across in the New York Times Magazines, in actual life setting, a male is supposed to have power over a woman a case depicted (Brodo 169). In this example where a young man poses with a Calvin Klein labeled undergarment but has a posture reserved for women. The eyes of the young man looks down from the camera as opposed to facing the camera as men do. It depicts a power that has given its

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Lung Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lung Cancer - Essay Example Lung cancer originates in the lungs. Cancer is a disease that is usually associated with the wild growth of abnormal cells. In lung cancer, abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way in both or one of the lungs. Due to the fact that the cells are abnormal, they do not develop into healthy tissues and do not play any roles similar to those of normal lung cells. As abnormal cells continue to grow, they develop into a large mass known as a tumor. In a case where the tumor is located in the lungs, it can interfere with the lungs normal functions. DNA, which is a genetic component found in cells is contained in all body cells. Duplication of DNA occurs every time a mature cell divides to form new cells. For this reason, the new cells also contain DNA. Cells that are formed from the division of a mature cell are identical to the original cell in all ways. In the case where the cells are abnormal, this is usually related to a DNA error or mutation. This is usually the case in cancer. A lung cancer cell is a result of a series of mutations. Cells undergoing mutation can still function as normal cells; during this stage, the cells are said to be precancerous. With time, the cells become cancerous and it is during this time that they stop functioning as normal cells of the lungs. Lung cancer may be primary or secondary. This is usually determined by the point of origin of the growth of abnormal cells. This is because in some cases, cells travel from the original tumor to other parts of the body and continue growing there.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Imperessions and Analysis of the Exhibitions Visited Essay

Imperessions and Analysis of the Exhibitions Visited - Essay Example It is a comic book about a kid Andy who happened to have power every time he puffs a cigarette. He also discovered a costume that could instantly kill anything. Along with him is his sidekick Louie who is prone to bullying of which the â€Å"death ray† gun conveniently extinguishes the bully in the school. Although the art form itself was rendered in two dimensional and not as intricate with today’s three dimensional cartooning, David Clowes’s cartoons were revolutionary during his time because it served as the seminal art form of the later cartoons that followed. Without his art and his cartoons, we would not have our marvel comics and marvel movies To be honest, I was really surprised that the museum accommodated it in their exhibition because typically, museums just exhibit the really old art and Clowes cartoons and its plot are very contemporary. But still, it is a good move on the part of the museum because it drew younger spectators like me to be interested it in art. For example, after visiting the cartoon exhibition of Clowes, I also happen to see the early landscape painting of California. They were breathtakingly beautiful and sometimes so much to the point of photo realism that you would not immediately notice that they were rendered in oil. But beyond the beauty of the landscape painting, I also learned about the early history of California. Through the paintings, I discovered that the early history of California was about gold mining particularly during the â€Å"Gold Rush†. It made me curious and later I googled it at home to find more about this particular history of California. Without those paintings, I would not have been interested about California’s â€Å"Gold Rush† days. I was also interested in â€Å"The 1968 Exhibit†. Although I must admit that the presentation was initially boring, it turned out to be very interesting once we learned what transpired during that particular era. What seemed to be boring was in fact the â€Å"coolest† era in history because almost all of the â€Å"cool stuff† we enjoy today was revolutionized during that era ranging from rock and roll, hippie, feminism, labor rights to world peace. The exhibition was basically a narrative of events that led to the social upheaval that happened during the 1970s that shaped the cultural and political landscape of America that can still be felt today. These changes have major implications for our daily lives because the tumult that the exhibition was trying to communicate was the germinal ideas that lent impetus to social and cutural explosions that once were considered as non-mainstream. Social concerns such as feminism, gay rights, organic farming, community gardening movements, environmental justice and other identitarian social movements can be said to have originated in this period of social experiment which were morphed and absorbed by the mainstream society that survive in its margins until today. It is the period where once marginalized sectors of society woke up from their slumber and begun to assert themselves. Perhaps it is the environment of the 1960s that galvanized people to assert themselves which transformed the prevailing values and even reoriented and reshaped the history itself. It is also this period where previous domination of the monied elite in California was first resisted that perhaps led to the series of events that can be best characterized as contrarian and political radicalism. It may have been just a decade but

Paris 36 Essay Example for Free

Paris 36 Essay Paris 36 starts with confession by the protagonist Pigoil(Gerard Jugnot) to a police officer, accused of murder. It turns to a flashback to the year 1936 depicting the unstable district in a Paris faubourg, suffered from depression and the rising pool of involuntary unemployment. Pigoil has lost his lifetime job in a liquidated musical hall and his wife runs off with another man. More miserably, Pigoil cannot keep the custody of his beloved son- JoJo(Maxence Perrin) because of his financial inability. Struggling to hold on, the trio of experienced stagehands- Pigoil, with Milou (Clovis Cornillac) and Jacky (Kad Merad) decide to take over the vacant musical hall, named as Faubourg 36, and produce some sorts of hit musicals. With the arrival of a young talented actress, Douce (Nora Arnezeder), the musical hall is a huge success and Pigoil can share the happiness with JoJo again. During the time, the hostile landowner Galapiat (Bernard-Pierre Donnadieu) ,who is fascinated with Douce, always wants to clutch her. When he later discovers that Douce is in love with Milou, he sends the gang to have Milou killed but they are in a mistaken notion and wrongly kill Jacky. Shortly thereafter, Milou argue with Galapiat face-to-face and Pigoil finally shoots Galapiat to save Milou. That is the confession and Pigoil is hauled off to 10-year jail. The film ends with a cheerless scene of Pigoils returning to the town after 10 years, yet a delightful projection for JoJos success as a professional accordionist performing in Faubourg 36.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Major battles of crusades

Major battles of crusades The three major battles of the crusades are the sieges of Antioch, Sidon, and Acre. This essay will explain the three major battles and its results. The battle of Antioch was during the first crusade and was fought over the city of Antioch. Second is the siege of Sidon during the Norwegian crusade. Finally is the siege of Acre where the crusaders try to gain control of Jerusalem. The first major battle is the battle of Antioch. This siege occurred in the first crusade. The major leaders of this crusade were Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV of Toulhouse. The major leaders of the Seljuk Turks were Yaghi Siyan, Kerbogha, and Toghtekin. The Crusaders arrived just outside the city of Antioch at the Orontes River. Shortly after this the army under Duqaq of Damascus arrived. These armies attacked the crusaders and came to aid and relieve the city of Antioch. Also one of the major crusader leaders became sick and there was a earthquake. Not to mention there was also a great famine, and many of the crusaders were starving. Next in May 1908 a Seljuk Turk army approached under a Muslim named Kerbogha. While the Muslim approached the crusader army became desperate. So Bohemund a crusader leader came into contact with Fiouz a Seljuk Turk inside the city to convince him to open the gates. Fiouz told Bohemund to plan a siege at night and to scale the cities walls and he would open the gates. The crusaders did exactly what he said and he kept true to his word and opened the gates. As a massacre occurred the crusaders gained control over the city. Finally, is the second siege even though the crusaders had most of the control over the city the Muslim army under Kerbogha had just arrived. The Seljuk Turks formed there own siege over the city. The crusaders decided to come out of the city and face the advancing armies. Kerbogha thought his army outnumbered the crusaders but as they started to fire armies retreated therefore the Crusaders actually outnumbered the Turks. Seeing this the Muslims retreated and the Crusaders won. The outcome of the first crusade was the Norwegian Crusade in which the siege of Sidon took place. The leaders of the Norwegian Crusade were Sigurd the Norwegian king and Baldwin I of Jerusalem. Today Sidon is Lebanon. Also Skulason gives a valid description of the battle. The Norsemens king, the skalds relate, Has taen the heathen town of Saet:the slinging engine with dread noise Gables and roofs with stones destroys. The town wall totters too,-it falls; The Norsemen mount the blackened walls. He who stains red the ravens bill, has won,-the town lies at his will. The way the Crusaders attacked the city was the Norwegians attacked by sea and Baldwins army attacked by land. The city of Sidon fell to the Crusaders after only forty-seven days. Last of all, is the Third crusade. This Crusade includes the two year siege of Acre; the seaport of Jerusalem. The commanders on the crusaders side are Richard, Phillip, Guy, Robert, and Gerard. The commanders of the opposing army were Saladin. While the crusaders were running into problems; Saladin was unifying the Muslim world. At the battle of Hattin Saladin determinedly defeated the Crusaders. Now the Crusaders only controlled Tyre, Tripoli, and Antioch. After Europe found out the loss of Jerusalem there was an order for a new crusade. Then Guy led his army outside the city of Acre. Where he set up camp and waited for reinforcements. Saladin moved to the east to confront the Crusader army. As they fought the Crusaders lost only ten thousand men. Even though Saladins army partially won they could not afford to push the crusaders back more with another battle. In conclusion, those were the results of the three sieges. The three major points are the siege of Antioch, Sidon and Acre. The first Siege which was the siege of Antioch. The Crusaders successfully captured the city of Antioch. Second is the Norwegian Crusade in the attempt to capture the city of Sidon which was successfully done in just forty-seven days. Lastly, The third crusade during this time they tried to captured the city of Acre. Even though there attempts to capture the city fell the still succeeded a little.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Reality and Fiction Essay -- Tabloids Truth Writing Essays

Reality and Fiction The front page of a supermarket tabloid is usually splashed with such ridiculous headlines as â€Å"Human Baby Born with Dog’s Head!†; or â€Å"Olsen Twin Beats Anorexia and Gains 200 lbs!† These titles suggest the type of information that the magazine contains—sensational, outrageous and often untrue stories. Despite these titles, their sensational nature can sometimes spark the curiosity of the reader, prompting them to read further. Although the tabloid is not a particularly well-respected genre of literature, Gloria Sawai adapts it for her own purposes in her writing. In a short story titled â€Å"The Day I Sat With Jesus on the Sun Deck and a Wind Came Up and Blew My Kimono Open and He Saw my Breasts†, Sawai draws upon this typically disprespected tabloid-type of narrative, prompting the reader to question their sense of reality. The author adapts several conventions which would typically be found in a tabloid to achieve this. She places ordi nary characters in extraordinary situations; she trivializes momentous events by presenting them in very simple terms; she removes all suspense by giving away the plot in the title; she challengers her reader to call her bluff as to whether or not her story actually occurred. Through the adaptation of conventions characteristic of tabloid literature, Sawai successfully challenges her reader to question their perception of what is â€Å"real†, prompting them to the ponder whether or not this extraordinary story might have actually taken place. Perhaps one of the most recognizable characteristics of tabloid-type narrative is the description sensational, and often unbelievable events occurring to everyday people living in ordinary milieus. In the third paragraph of â€Å"The Day I Sat W... ...narrative conventions in this short story help to illustrate this situation, and in the process, give the reader cause to question whether or not this unbelievable event could actually occur. Sawai presents her readers with this challenge to their perception of reality through the story’s title, in the way that she trivializes a miracle by placing it in an ordinary setting, and also through the possibility that the story is semi-autobiographical, thus making it true. The author is playing a game with the reader, never revealing whether or not her story is based on reality or not. Of course, one would most likely assume that Jesus did not in fact appear in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan on September 11th, 1972. Nevertheless, Sawai intices her audience to play with the idea for a moment, challenging the socially accepted standards of what is reality and what is not. Reality and Fiction Essay -- Tabloids Truth Writing Essays Reality and Fiction The front page of a supermarket tabloid is usually splashed with such ridiculous headlines as â€Å"Human Baby Born with Dog’s Head!†; or â€Å"Olsen Twin Beats Anorexia and Gains 200 lbs!† These titles suggest the type of information that the magazine contains—sensational, outrageous and often untrue stories. Despite these titles, their sensational nature can sometimes spark the curiosity of the reader, prompting them to read further. Although the tabloid is not a particularly well-respected genre of literature, Gloria Sawai adapts it for her own purposes in her writing. In a short story titled â€Å"The Day I Sat With Jesus on the Sun Deck and a Wind Came Up and Blew My Kimono Open and He Saw my Breasts†, Sawai draws upon this typically disprespected tabloid-type of narrative, prompting the reader to question their sense of reality. The author adapts several conventions which would typically be found in a tabloid to achieve this. She places ordi nary characters in extraordinary situations; she trivializes momentous events by presenting them in very simple terms; she removes all suspense by giving away the plot in the title; she challengers her reader to call her bluff as to whether or not her story actually occurred. Through the adaptation of conventions characteristic of tabloid literature, Sawai successfully challenges her reader to question their perception of what is â€Å"real†, prompting them to the ponder whether or not this extraordinary story might have actually taken place. Perhaps one of the most recognizable characteristics of tabloid-type narrative is the description sensational, and often unbelievable events occurring to everyday people living in ordinary milieus. In the third paragraph of â€Å"The Day I Sat W... ...narrative conventions in this short story help to illustrate this situation, and in the process, give the reader cause to question whether or not this unbelievable event could actually occur. Sawai presents her readers with this challenge to their perception of reality through the story’s title, in the way that she trivializes a miracle by placing it in an ordinary setting, and also through the possibility that the story is semi-autobiographical, thus making it true. The author is playing a game with the reader, never revealing whether or not her story is based on reality or not. Of course, one would most likely assume that Jesus did not in fact appear in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan on September 11th, 1972. Nevertheless, Sawai intices her audience to play with the idea for a moment, challenging the socially accepted standards of what is reality and what is not.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

A Marxist Reading of One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay -- One Flew

Fred Wright, Lauren's instructor for EN 132 (Life, Language, Literature), comments, "English 132 is an introduction to English studies, in which students learn about various areas in the discipline from linguistics to the study of popular culture. For the literature and literary criticism section of the course, students read a canonical work of literature and what scholars have said about the work over the years. This year, students read One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest, by Ken Kesey, a classic of American literature which dates from the 1960s counterculture. Popularized in a film version starring Jack Nicholson, which the class also watched in order to discuss film studies and adaptation, the novel became notable for its sympathetic portrayal of the mentally ill. For an essay about the novel, students were asked to choose a critical approach (such as feminist, formalist, psychological, and so forth) and interpret the novel using that approach, while also considering how their interpr etation fit into the ongoing scholarly dialogue about the work. Lauren chose the challenge of applying a Marxist approach to One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. Not only did she learn about critical approaches and how to apply one to a text, she wrote an excellent essay, which will help other readers understand the text better. In fact, if John Clark Pratt or another editor ever want to update the 1996 Viking Critical Library edition of the novel, then he or she might want to include Lauren's essay in the next edition!" At first glance, a reader may wonder how Ken Kesey’s novel One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, a book depicting a group of mentally unstable men and their boisterous Irish-American leader, connects with the economic and sociological view o... ...lett, Moyra. Marxist Literary and Cultural Theories. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000. Print. â€Å"Industrial Revolution.† The New American Desk Encyclopedia. 5th ed. 1989. Print. Kappel, Lawrence. Readings on One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Print. Kesey, Ken. One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. Ed. John Clark Pratt. New York: Viking-Penguin, 1996. Print. Viking Critical Library. Loeb, Roger C. â€Å"Machines, Mops, and Medicaments: Therapy in the Cuckoo’s Nest.† Lex et Scientia 13. 1-2 (1977): 38-41. Rpt. Kappel 85-91. Malin, Irving. â€Å"Ken Kesey: One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest.† Critique 5.2 (1962): 81-84. Rpt. in Kesey 440-444. â€Å"Marxism.† The New American Desk Encyclopedia. 5th ed. 1989. Print. Parker, Robert Dale. How to Interpret Literature: Critical Theory for Literary and Cultural Studies. New York: Oxford, 2011. Print.

Friday, October 11, 2019