Saturday, August 31, 2019
Terrorism Can Be Defeated If We Tackle Its Root Causes †Poverty and Injustice
In today’s world, the issue of terrorism has been prevalent. Due to the expanse and connectivity of the Internet, some believe that terrorism is now an entrepreneurial arena with the Internet as its global recruiting station. Poverty and injustice are some of the root causes of terrorism, but these are not the only factors that trigger terrorism. Hence, terrorism may be defeated or abated if we tackle other factors such as religious influence. A minority believes that tackling poverty cannot defeat terrorism. They believe that terrorist groups eschew from recruiting the poor. A high level of educational attainment is seen as signal of one’s commitment to a cause and determination, it also indicates his ability to prepare for an assignment and carry it off. Additionally, terrorist groups may offer more benefits than what one may get in reality; this may also attract more educated but unprincipled individuals into terrorism. For example, well-educated individuals may be eager to participate in terrorist groups if they think that they will assume leadership positions if they succeed. On the other hand, poverty stricken individuals may be targets for the spread of terrorism. Some these individuals are desperate to even stake their lives on immoral acts just to provide financial sustenance for their family. As a result, these individuals become easy prey for terrorist groups. Terrorists groups preach their idea of providing salvation to these troubled people, effectively convincing them to do to their bidding. They promise to reward the victim’s family with money to mitigate their situation of poverty. In most cases, the victim becomes a suicide bomber, a martyr bent on avenging his fate believing that his family will be rewarded for his act of bravery. Many believe that by alleviating poverty, terrorism can be solved. Based on an observation by Gary Becker, a professor at the University of Chicago Business School. He saw that nations or regions that are experiencing rapid growth appear to have lower incidences of terrorism. This led Becker to believe that political activism and violent activity becomes less appealing to individuals when their economic opportunities expand. People are open to more options and are less likely to resort to desperate measures. Hence, terrorism may be reduced if poverty is lessened. Some believe that getting rid of injustices cannot solve terrorism. Though the government may believe that their actions are fair and justified the public and especially extremist groups may not. These extremist groups live by their own ideology, which is seldom paralleled by the government’s actions. Take for example, The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. They are a separatist organization formerly based in northern Sri Lanka They sought to create an independent Tamil State in the north and east of Sri Lanka. This campaign spiraled into the Sri Lankan Civil War as the Sri Lankan government refused to agree to their demands. In this case, it is almost impossible to defeat terrorism by righting injustices. However, many argue that by righting injustices, terrorism can be reduced. In some cases, the origin of the intention of terrorism is when injustices take place. When a particular community feels that they are wrongly accused or that the law is unfair some of them take matters into their own hands. They believe that force is the only way to change biased laws. I acknowledge that it is difficult to change the mindset of extremist groups, as they are extremely demanding. However, terrorism can be reduced if we treat everyone with equality. Take for example, when pictures of American soldiers abusing prisoners in Saddam's notorious prison were released. There was a global outcry against these animalistic acts. By reducing these crimes, it reduces the hatred that people might feels towards the Americans. It also lessens the chance of normal civilians becoming terrorists. Hence, by tacking the injustices, fewer civilians would feel mistreated and terrorism can be reduced. I believe that the greatest player in terrorism is religious influence. These religious influences come in the form of extremist views on very sensitive issues. Some feel that religion is used to brainwash terrorists. An example can be seen from the case of Nidal Malik Hasan. He was an Army major and then turned into a mass murderer, fatally shooting twelve people on America’s largest military base. Many believed that Hasan’s path began to take a twist when he attended the Dar Al-Hijrah mosque in Falls Church. Coincidentally, two of the 9/11 hijackers attended this mosque too. Although there was no evidence that the mosque had preached extremist views to Hasan, many argue that he was being brainwashed. It is difficult to stamp out religious influence of this kind as evidence is weak and interference with religious places can lead to conflict. With the large network of the Internet, religious views can be spread through these media networks. There is a plethora of YouTube videos and sermons that can be downloaded from the Internet, leaving the viewer with visions of carnage dancing in their heads. These terrorist groups garner attention via the Internet. This can be seen when Al-Qaeda posted footages of roadside bombings, the decapitation of American hostage Nick Berg, and the kidnapping of Egyptian and Algerian diplomats prior to their execution. The government can be vigilant by actively banning or censoring such websites. Video-sharing such as Youtube should act responsibly and remove these inappropriate videos. By taking down such videos, the outreach of religious influence through the Internet can be tapered. Albeit terrorism is difficult to be defeated by attempting to stamp out the ramification of religious influence, acts of terrorism can be reduced through the Internet. To conclude, I believe that terrorism must be tackled not only from the aspect of injustice and poverty but also the religious aspect. Although terrorism cannot be totally defeated we can reduce the acts of terrorism by holistically solving problems such as injustice, poverty and the spread of extremist views through religious influences.
Friday, August 30, 2019
Psychopathology And Traumas Essay
Abstract            This paper is a literature review of studies and discussions of the effect of various stressors to children, such as violence, sexual abuse, and trauma. There are also some articles that explain how the human brain processes and adapts to these various factors. The goal of all these articles is to understand and explain the relationships between different stressors in the way that a child’s brain develops. They presume that the brain is the organ responsible for causing different children from reacting differently to the various stressors in their childhood. There is also a discussion analyzing the relationship between the size of the hippocampus and exposure to stress. These articles provide valuable insight into a very important aspect of human life, specifically, coping with trauma.     The article of Friedrich, Fisher, Broughton, Houston and Shafran discussed sexual behavior in children, with the goal of understanding the relationship between sexual behavior and sexual abuse. The authors of this article believed that the existing literature had gathered limited knowledge on the topic of normative sexual behavior among children (Friedrich, Fisher, Broughton, Houston & Shafran, 1998).            In order to achieve an understanding of normative childhood sexual behavior, the authors conducted a study of children between the ages two and twelve, whose sexual behaviors were rated by primary female caregivers, such as their parents and day care providers. The children were screened on whether they were sexually abused. The authors likewise used a 38-item scale called the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory, Third Version, to assess the children’s sexual behavior, the diversity of which could cover a wide range (Friedrich, Fisher, Broughton, Houston & Shafran, 1998).            After the study, the authors found that the children exhibited a broad range of sexual behaviors, such as such as exhibitionistic behavior or excessive modesty. Sexual behaviors also had different frequencies, and these are influenced by the age groups of the children, as well as other factors, like maternal education, family stress and violence, and number of hours spent in day care (Friedrich, Fisher, Broughton, Houston & Shafran, 1998).            Specifically, the authors noted that â€Å"a review of the reported endorsement frequencies indicated that for each age and gender group, there are 1 to 5 items that at least 20% of the parents endorsed.†This led the authors to conclude that the behavior of the children could be considered development-related sexual behaviors, and not too far removed from the mean (Friedrich, Fisher, Broughton, Houston & Shafran, 1998, p. 3).            On the other hand, the article by Ford and Kidd on Early Childhood Trauma and Disorders of Extreme Stress as Predictors of Treatment Outcome with Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) sought to determine whether early childhood trauma could be considered as a predictor of the outcome of treatment for people with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. This goal is influenced by studies showing the prevalence of early childhood trauma in cases of people with recurring PTSD (Ford & Kidd).            A study with participants from patients in a PTSD live-in rehabilitation facility, who were exposed to trauma, was conducted. Most participants were classified as trauma-exposed since they came from war zone military duty. Others who did not show â€Å"pervasive avoidance and emotional numbing symptomatology†were considered people who had to trauma-related experience. Structured interviews were conducted to classify patients to determine their classification as a person with PTSD or Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS). Participants were asked in interviews whether they were exposed to certain traumatic events, such as witnessing the death of a family member or experiencing sexual abuse. On the other hand, DESNOS was a good empirical basis for treatment planning of PTSD. DESNOS is considered a good instrument in assessing trauma and treatment planning for PSTD because it has been observed in previous studies that most war veterans with PTSD also had histories of DESNOS symptoms (Ford & Kidd).        On a different aspect of trauma and its effect on children, Gilbertson, Shenton, Ciszewski, Kasai, Lasko, Orr and Pitman (2002), investigated the validity of the hypothesis that Smaller Hippocampal Volume Predicts Pathologic Vulnerability to Psychological Trauma and conducted a study to determine the relationship between the volume of the hippocampus and the tendency of a person to develop PTSD. The researchers’ hypothesis focused on the hippocampus of animals that the hippocampus gets damaged by severe stress and that humans with stress-related psychiatric conditions have smaller hippocampal volume. Hence, the researchers investigated whether the smaller hippocampal volume comes before or after a severely stressful event. If smaller hippocampal volume comes before the event, then it would mean that it is a preexisting condition of the person and not influenced by trauma, violence or stress. On the other hand, if the smaller hippocampal volume comes after the event, then it means that it is a result of the trauma caused by the experience (Gilbertson, Shenton, Ciszewski, Kasai, Lasko, Orr, & Pitman, 2002).  Using a â€Å"case-control†design, Gilbertson, et al. conducted a study to analyze the the hippocampi volume of monozygotic twins. The twins have the same genetic makeup, which the researchers theorized any difference in the volumes of their hippocampi may be caused by external factors, such as stress. Thus, the study involved twins, where one is exposed to a traumatic event such as combat, and the other one is not exposed (Gilbertson et al, 2002). After comparison of images taken through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the researchers concluded that the volumes of the hippocampi of the twin subjects are preexisting vulnerability factors. This means that smaller hippocampal volumes are not caused by mere exposure to stress. There conclusion was based on the finding that there was no significant difference between the hippocampal volumes of twins who were and were not exposed to traumatic events (Gilbertson et al., 2002).             In the next article however, no case study was conducted, but Perry (1997) explained the workings of the human brain in relation to exposure to violence. In Incubated in Terror: Neurodevelopmental Factors in the ‘Cycle of Violence’ In: Children, Youth and Violence: The Search for Solutions introduced the concept of a person’s adaptability to experience through a brief discussion of the process of development that began centuries ago. Perry traced the development of the human brain through a process called sociocultural evolution. Perry pointed out the human existence had long been pervaded by violence, which began from interspecies violence to interspecies violence, from prehistoric times. Perry believed that up to the present, different forms of violence, such as physical abuse, victimize of children. Thus, Perry sought answers on matters relating to the effect of violence on parents and children, particularly in the c ontext of neurodevelopment (Perry, 1997).            Perry discussed how violence affects children. This effect depends on various factors, such as the pattern and type of violence and the presence of support systems or caretakers for the child. Furthermore, Perry considered the age of the child an important factor that affects the child, considering that the human brain develops in a linear fashion, and certain developments only occur when a child reaches a specific age. Perry also believed that humans are capable of adapting to violence or trauma (Perry, 1997).            Perry also discussed the organization and function of the human brain. The brain has a hierarchical organization that functions to promote a person’s survival. Perry described that the brain matures throughout the life of a person. In relation to this development, Perry explained that there are factors affecting the process that lead to a child’s predisposition to violence. For Perry, violence is rooted in neurobiology, and factors that affect activity in different parts of the brain would affect a person’s propensity toward violence. Specifically, Perry explains that changes in the activity in the brainstem, such as stress, would increase a person’s propensity for violence (Perry, 1997).            Furthermore, Perry discussed different pathways to violence to which children may be exposed. Perry suggested that it is most dangerous when all different negative experiences, such as lack of care in childhood and physical abuse, combine and affect a child. Another important part of Perry’s observations are his discussion on the implications of the theory to the formulation of public policy. He purports that ultimately, the solution to problems of violence lie within primary prevention, through the transformation of violence (Perry, 1997).   In another article written by Perry (2001b), in â€Å"The neurodevelopmental impact of violence in childhood, in Schetky D & Benedek, E. (Eds.) Textbook of child and adolescent forensic            psychiatry, he discussed how violence affects the development of a child’s brain. Perry noted that violence pervades American society despite its many technological advances. Thus, while violence is abhorred by many, there are a few solutions presented for its avoidance (Perry, 2001b).            Perry noted that violence is multidimensional and complex. It has different effects, both on adults and children. In particular, Perry pointed out that violence causes fear in children, which has negative consequences on the neurodevelopmental changes of a child, such as causing a child to become more susceptible to being violent (Perry, 2001b).            Perry further noted that violence could be seen in various situations, such as in the home, community, school, and media. It seems that violence is everywhere. Most especially in the United States, violence can be seen in the home, as shown by statistics (Perry, 2001b).            Perry then discussed how the brain works and develops in general. He stated that the brain grows more complex with age. Such development may cause some areas of the brain, such as the higher, sub-cortical and cortical areas, to become less impulsive. In turn, this may cause the brain to have lower excitatory activity. These tendencies may lead to increased tendencies of an individual to become aggressive and violent (Perry, 2001b).            Perry then noted the growing body of evidence supporting the position that the neurodevelopment processes of an individual’s developing brain is hindered or altered by exposure to violence. Thus, exposure to violence leads to the stimulation of responses from a child’s brain, causing alterations in the brain’s development and consequences as related to the brain’s function (Perry, 2001b).            A similar discussion on the effect of trauma on the development of the brain is provided by Perry, Pollard, Blakley, Baker and Vigilante (1996). In an article entitled â€Å"Childhood Trauma, the Neurobiology of Adaptation & Use-dependent Development of the Brain: How States become Traits,†the authors provided observations on childhood trauma and its effect on the essential functioning of affected children. The researchers theorized that a mature brain is born out of developmental experiences. Therefore, neurodevelopment is important, and this occurs in a very critical point in a human’s life, which is his childhood. However, neurodevelopment is disturbed by experiences that disrupt the brain’s processes of organizing information, such as traumatic experiences (Perry, Pollard, Blakley, Baker & Vigilante, 1996).            The researchers believed that given an understanding of the effect of traumatic experiences on a child’s neurodevelopment, that modifications in public policy and societal perspectives may occur. Therefore, more research should be undertaken to explore this field of study (Perry, Pollard, Blakley, Baker & Vigilante, 1996). Conclusion.            All the articles provide insight on the relationship of various factors with children’s mental development. In particular, the articles endeavored and succeeded in analyzing data on the relationship between children’s brain development and traumatic events. There were detailed accounts on the specific brain areas that were affected by exposure to stress, such as the hippocampus and the brainstem. The time of exposure to trauma was also investigated to determine whether the size of a person’s hippocampus is predetermined prior or consequent to the exposure to stress. However, some of the articles did not discuss specific studies conducted that established the conclusions, but only discussed theories based on other studies. Therefore, more studies should be conducted, or more research made, to provide basis for some of the given conclusions. References Friedrich, W. N., Fisher, J., Broughton, D., Houston, M. & Shafran, C. R. (1998).           Normative Sexual Behavior in Children: A Contemporary Sample. Pediatrics  101(4). Retrieved February 23, 2008, from   http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/101/4/e9. Ford, J. D. & Kidd, P. Early Childhood Trauma and Disorders of Extreme Stress as                 Predictors of Treatment Outcome with Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Gilbertson, M. W., Shenton, M. E., Ciszewski, A., Kasai, K., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P.,    Pitman, R. K. (2002). Smaller Hippocampal Volume Predicts Pathologic   Vulnerability to Psychological Trauma. Nature Neuroscience 5(11), 1242-1247. Perry, B. D. (1997). Incubated in Terror: Neurodevelopmental Factors in the ‘Cycle of Violence’ In: Children, Youth and Violence: The Search for Solutions (J Osofsky,         Ed.). New York: Guilford Press, 124-148, Perry, B.D. (2001b). The neurodevelopmental impact of violence in childhood. In          Schetky D & Benedek, E. (Eds.) Textbook of child and adolescent forensic        psychiatry. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. (221-238) Perry, B. D., Pollard, R. A., Blakley, T. L., Baker, W. L. & Vigilante, D. (1996). Childhood            Trauma, the Neurobiology of Adaptation & Use-dependent Development of the Brain: How States become Traits. Infant Mental Health Journal.  Â
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Management of Software Projects -2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Management of Software Projects -2 - Essay Example Moreover, the project management standards utilize themes, tools and techniques for managing and monitoring of the projects, the document contains a discussion and comparison of these tools and techniques. In the end, the document recommends the project management standard for appraising, planning and executing successful projects in the organization. Introduction The Project Management Institute (PMI) provides a well recognized project management standard known as Project Management Professionals (PMP). The project managers usually get a certification of PMP for learning the ethical behaviour with the project team and knowing responsibilities for taking informed decisions regarding the project. The PMP provides a set of five (5) processes, nine (9) knowledge areas along with a code of ethics for managing a project successfully. The five (5) processes include: the initiation, planning, executing, monitoring and control, and project closure. It is required for the project manager to f ollow the prescribed processes of the PMP (as per the policy of the organization) by managing the project activities from the project appraisal (initiation) till project closure. The PMP enhances the skills of the project manager to make decisions, providing directions to the project team and executing projects in a professional manner. ... The project manager is responsible for allocating the resources (hardware, human, financial) and managing the project scheduling. The project manager would be responsible to manage the scope of the project (scope management). The PMP recommends the project manager to respect others and establishing a close working relationship with the team members by effective communication (Project Management Institute Inc., 2004). PRINCE2 (Project IN Controlled Environment) is a project management standard used in more than 150 countries for successfully managing a project. PRINCE2 consists of a several themes, set of principals, and a project management lifecycle. There are seven (7) themes of the PRINCE2 include: Risk, Change, Progress, Business Case, Organization, Quality and Plans. These themes of the PRINCE2 explain the significant project management aspects which need to be managed and handled during the execution of the project lifecycle. In PRINCE2 a plan is not just about the cost managem ent, schedule management and resources management, however, plans are set of documents explaining what to be achieved, how to be achieved and when to be achieved by whom the goals of a project. The PRINCE2 utilizes product planning technique for creating diverse types of plans. The product-based planning is used by the PRINCE2 which is one of the most powerful techniques for project managers to manage a project. The PRINCE2 recommends and uses different levels of the plan involve diverse human resources for managing the project successfully. These plans include: the project plan, stage plan(s) and team plan(s). As the PRINCE2 utilizes product-based planning having seven steps for creating or developing plans include:
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Information Systems Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Information Systems Management - Essay Example Originally BS 7799 had the status of a Code of Practice. However, in April 1999, it became a formal two part standard. Part 1 (the original Code of Practice) of the revised BS7799 standard was re-titled "Code of Practice for Information Security Management" and provides guidance on best practices in information security management. Part 2, titled "Specification for Information Security Management Systems", forms the standard against which an organisations own security management systems were to be assessed and certified. In 1993 UK-DTI in collaboration of a number of UK based companies introduced the ISM Code of Practice incorporating the best information security practices in use like the computer data, written spoken or microfiche. The primary goal of the Code of Practice was to provide a common basis for organisations to develop, implement and measure effective information security management practice. Also the aim was to provide confidence in inter-organisational dealings i.e registry/ registrar interactions. In 1999, when the COP was fragmented in two parts BS7799 Part 1 which is now ISO/IEC 17799: 2000 incorporates good security practice with 127 security guidelines which can be drilled over to provide 600 other controls. While the BS 7799 Part 2 is a framework for the ISMS, a means by which senior management monitor can control their security, minimize the risks and ensure compliance. Then the third part BS 7799 Part 3 was published in the year 2005 covering risk analysis and management. 5) Physical and Environmental Security physical aspects of security including protection of equipment and information from physical harm, as well as physical control of access to information and equipment To be effective it should be clearly supported by senior management. Specific policies and procedures within the Information Security Management System (ISMS) must be consistent
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Violent, Overcrowded Prisons Negatively Affects Society Term Paper
Violent, Overcrowded Prisons Negatively Affects Society - Term Paper Example Prisons should concentrate on rehabilitation because many inmates will eventually be released. Punishment, aside from a need for societal vengeance, is meant as a deterrent for those who have committed a crime as well as for those who have not. Since people who commit crimes do so believing they probably won’t get caught, this type of reasoning is based upon a false premise. Those who have committed crimes such as identity theft, prostitution, gambling and drug use are thrown into an excessively cruel circumstance where violence and sexual assault run rampant which acts an opposite effect of rehabilitation. These people, as well as society, would be better served if they were assigned community service of varying degrees in an effort to repay the victim or the community for their transgressions. One method hurts, the other helps – seems like a simple and effective solution but one that is rarely considered. The U.S. incarcerates more of its population than any other ind ustrialized country. Currently, more than two million prisoners are jailed in local, state or federal facilities. Not only the number of prisoners is increasing, the ratio of prisoner to population is widening as well. About a decade ago, for every 100,000 citizens, 703 were in prison. That number exceeds 715 today. When categorized according to ethnicity, a wide disparity of justice is apparent. â€Å"At midyear 2003 there were 4,834 black male prisoners per 100,000 black males in the United States in prison or jail, compared to 1,778 Hispanic male inmates per 100,000 Hispanic males and 681 white male inmates per 100,000 white males†(â€Å"Prison Statistics†2006) Those incarcerated for on drug charges constitute more than 60 percent of inmates in Federal prisons and 15 percent of the growth in total prison populations. Violent offenders including those charged with murder, rape, assault and robbery constitute the remaining approximate 40 percent. 1) (â€Å"Prison S tatistics†2006) Anyone who has seen a prison movie likely has witnessed the stereotypical ‘shower scene’ where gang members viciously attack a lone inmate. They put a knife tightly against the victim’s throat and threaten to kill him if he puts up a fight. The lone inmate is then repeatedly raped by the gang and afterwards is too frightened to notify prison officials fearing retribution. This Hollywood recreation is not unlike the actual events taking place inside prison walls. Being brutally raped in prison is not simply a physical violation; it is an emotionally scarring event. According to the Human Rights Watch, this and other forms of gang-related violence occur regularly in prisons across the country. â€Å"Gang assaults are not uncommon, and victims may be left beaten, bloody and, in the most extreme cases, dead†(â€Å"No Escape,†2006) However, violent and blatant rapes are but one type of sexual abuse many prisoners must endure. The most prevalent form of rape does not occur by means of violence nor have many of the victims been overtly threatened. Nevertheless, they engage in sex acts unwillingly because they do not believe they have a choice. Prison is an intimidating place. Prisoners, especially those new to the system can be easily coerced into doing things such as allowing themselves to be raped or committing violent acts against others out of fear. This type of prison rape is easier to conceal than violent attacks and much easier for prison staff and the
Monday, August 26, 2019
Discussion 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3
Discussion 8 - Essay Example higher education tax credit of up to $2500, $25 increase in weekly unemployment benefit and $7 billion worth of broadband deployments in the rural areas (Bureau of Economic Analysis report, 2009). Demand refers to how much buyers are willing and able to buy whereas supply refers to how much producers are willing and able to deliver to the market. Buyers use their disposable income for investment and consumption. Disposable income is the amount that is left after income is taxed. The tax credit provided for by the stimulus package reduces the taxable income leading to a higher disposable income. Due to the increased disposable income, buyers increase their aggregate demand for goods and services and investments such as homes, cars, technology, good health and education. To meet the increased demand, producers increase production of the goods in question, hence increased aggregate supply. Consequently, the market equilibrium is met. For the ten years there will be observed increase in aggregate demand and supply reaching higher equilibrium points which translates to economic
Sunday, August 25, 2019
A business process method for virtualized enterprises Research Paper
A business process method for virtualized enterprises - Research Paper Example Though the future is commonly tagged as unpredictable, business management gives room to forecasting especially when it is based on principles and empirical theories. Expecting business process improvement to remain competitive or to be even improved is therefore nothing much to ask from businesses in today’s fast changing business environment. Several definitions have been given to the term ‘business process’. According to the Business Process Incubator (2011), business process is â€Å"a co-ordinated set of actions that produce a business result, either within a single organization or across several.†Search CIO (2011) also has it that â€Å"A business process is an activity or set of activities that will accomplish a specific organizational goal.†To implement these set of activities that lead to the realization of organizational goals however, there are a number of methods and supporting frameworks to follow. In this paper, we discuss a business process method and supporting framework, including concepts for business-to-business interaction and human resources: to obtain business process environment with rapid, flexible, straightforward, efficient, and precise operations. Undoubtedly, a similar framework will be widely implemented in the near future, and methods such as this one will be widely used. This future implementation will be directed towards achieving a more advanced system and form of business and organizational structure. As the world progresses and advances by the day, business process methods and frameworks that are instituted must meet the growing needs of businesses and society as a whole. Future implementation would therefore be a huge step for the humanity, similar to transition from postal mail to email, utilization of computer-aided design, and use of professional and general purpose social networks. Just as in a swift of human imagination these innovations came to take over the norm that previously exist ed, it is expected that future implementations would solve more complex problems of humanity and businesses. Virtual profiles system and electronic contract negotiation and formation To allow for a more comprehensive discussion of this session, the session shall begin with the definition and explanation of some the salient terms to be used. Virtual profiles system is more related to virtual systems management that is used in most corporations, organizations and businesses. Virtual systems management basically has to do with the allocation and distribution of resources. Expanding the explanation further, Tech Target (2007) explain that â€Å"virtual systems management (VSM), is the process of remotely managing the allocation and use of resources in conventional networks as well as in virtual area networks (VANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), virtual network computing (VNC) and virtual servers.†Virtual prolife systems therefore work best with all kinds of organizations and businesses as far as they have technological facilities for implementation. Electronic contract has greater linkage with virtual profile systems in the sense that electronic contracts helps in the achievement of the management and allocation of resources; especially data on the institution in question. To this effect, Morciniec et al (2002) explain that â€Å"an electronic contract is its reification in software that can be instantiated as a set of obligations that are fulfilled between parties, refused or waived as future events occur.†This explanation was given in relation to the meaning of an ordinary contract, which was explained by the writers to be â€Å"a statement of intent that regulates behavior among organizations and individualsâ€
Saturday, August 24, 2019
OES SPS an Innovation in Repair and Conversion for the Offshore Essay
OES SPS an Innovation in Repair and Conversion for the Offshore Industry - Essay Example Rob Duffin presented a number of issues ranging from the significance of SPS in the transformation of FPSO’s which includes reduction of operational costs, life extensions and easier repair of the current station assets without disruption or operational effects. Another issue presented in the meeting was the compliance of the new technology to anti-piracy measures. I will report each of the issues separately as presented by Rob. The Director of the Institution of Civil Engineers introduced the presenter. Sandwich Plate System (SPS) overview Rob described the SPS is a structural complex consisting of two metal plates joined together using a polyurethane elastomer laminate a definition he got from Lehmann and Egge book published in 2009. Rob asserted that SPS is easier and tougher compared to hardened steel plate and is not as heavy to use as the strengthened concrete. SPS has found various applications in several areas such as structural flooring, pitch and field terraces, fixi ng and construction of ships of ships, and construction of bridges. SPS the Global Perspective Rob derived the global perspective of SPS technology from Kennedy and Ferro’s book published in 2007. Rob reported that all the Global stakeholders have acknowledged SPS as beneficial in the construction industry particularly concerning enhancing performance, sustainability and safety. In the maritime constructions, SPS has replaced the usually hardened steel used in making components such as hulls and bulkheads of ship. SPS reduces the stiffening problem and makes the components less prone to rust and fatigue. SPS is used in the construction of bridge supports and structure floors in replacement of the conventional strengthened concrete. SPS eliminates the problems of fatigue and rust associated with the use of strengthened concrete and steel. SPS place are easier to design and customize to the required dimensions. Some of the benefits of SPS plates include reduction of stiffness i n structures, ease of application and enhancement of designs in deeper-water construction. FPSO conversions –compact Double Hull Just as mentioned by McDermotte in his article Tanker Structural Analysis for Minor Collisions published in the Journal SNAME Vol. 102Technical Note FPSO P-57, typical SPS Overlays in the FPSO conversions entail the cleaning of the existing plate, fusing solid steel perimeter bars to create boundary functions. Rob pointed out that some of the advantages of the SPS Overlay include quicker repair schedules, reduced labor and minimized downtime. The overlay provides permanent upgrading at minimized repair expenses, lessened operating expenses and enhanced revenue potential. Offshore Life Extension According to Rob, McDermott in his article also emphasized the significance of offshore life extensions. SPS Overlay is a quicker and efficient method of reinstating and intensifying offshore crafts and structures. The Overlay thus strengthens the structures and prolongs their lifespan by offering permanent solutions to the previous short-lifespan projects. SPS Overlay allows for construction of high quality vertical and horizontal supports that possess strong impact resistance, lessened fatigue and controlled crack propagation. An advantage with the SPS Overlay application is that is employs the pre-existing or damaged plating to construct parts of the steel laminate panel. This is a cost-saving process while still increasing the
Solution and Advantages Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Solution and Advantages - Research Paper Example Despite an increase in employment opportunities in the U.S, there has been misuse and oppression of the employed population. The Department of Labor should, therefore, prioritize on improving various federal labor laws that protect both the employees and employers who form the working force toward improving the U.S economy. One of these federal labor laws is the Family and Medical Leave Act that provides a major platform for supporting and recognizing the families of the employed population in America (Schwartz, 2009). Because of the need to improve the U.S economy through the efforts of the employed labor force, the Family and Medical Leave Act should be changed in order to motivate and improve the welfare of the employed population. After the World War II, the U.S has experienced a number of economic recessions. The first one was the deep recession which occurred in 1981 and the great recession in 2007. During that time it took a great deal of effort to regain the economy through creation of jobs. Before the 1990s, the labor market was recovered with a lot of pressure imposed on the labor force in fear of the economy collapsing again. There was a violation of workers’ rights who found it difficult to balance work with their families. These workers, especially women, did not have the power to fight for their rights. However, for that matter the Women’s Legal Defense Fund was established in 1984 to fight for the rights of women in the working environment. However, since, it was not supported by the U.S government it did not have great impact (Fraumeni et al, 1984). The Women’s Legal Defense Fund appealed a draft of legislation which transformed it to The Family and Medical Leave Act. The Act would be introduced in the Congress every year between 1984 and 1993, but was always blocked by well-funded opponents. Eventually, the act was passed in 1991 and 1992 by the
Friday, August 23, 2019
A Study into the Relationship between the Government and Corporations Research Paper
A Study into the Relationship between the Government and Corporations - Research Paper Example The relationship of Government with Corporation used to be of lasses faire or socialist nature. However, today things have changed and the nature of relationship between Government and Corporation has evolved. According to (Alfredo,1999)â€Å"Today's relationship between government and business is thus neither laissez faire nor socialist, but rather a combination of both, essentially what is called a "mixed economy†. It is a fact that the businesses which deal with international business have to deal with two national governments. This procedure where business with two countries are involved, there can arise congruence of conflict between two governments. Here we can study the relationship dimensions of a corporation with that of a government in a brief manner. The Structure of government of America In order to understand the relationship of Government and Corporation, a brief look into the American governmental structure is essential. In the American Government , the executiv e position is held by the President of America and he also act as the head of the state and deal with diplomatic activities and hold the position of commander in chief branches of the armed forces. America also allows the vice president to hold the post in an Executive branch .Now it is the legislative branch which explains about the laws pertaining to the society and community of America. As per (Longley,2012) Every society needs laws. In the United States, the power to make laws is given to Congress, which represents the legislative branch of government. The laws of judicial branch of America are often confusing and vague and it is the federal judicial system which figure out what is constitution part of the law. Then there is the federalism which allows the sharing of power between different branches of the Government. Also it is the federal Government which is regulating the day to day functions of huge and small corporate in America. In Concise it can also be said that the pres ent day American Corporations are regulated by the Federal Reserve System of the country. The Federal Reserve is the body of American Government which governs and controls all financial matters of the country.As per (bare foot) â€Å"The Federal Reserve is at the root of most of our present statutory regulations, "laws", in the control and regulation of virtually all aspects of human activity in the United States†. Different types of corporations in U.S. In America there are different types of corporations that are registered under the state law and pose as a single entity with specific privilege and liabilities. In the website (Wise Geek, 2003) writes that, â€Å"In general sense, a corporation is a business entity that is given many of the same legal rights as an actual person†. The corporations can be classified into different forms according to their nature and business motive. This includes public and private corporations whose nature, motive and structure may be different and varied. Although most of the bodies are formulated for business motives, we can also find charitable organization, public bodies and clubs included in this category of corporations. Even though the corporations are impersonal entities, Government has imposed rights and responsibilities like person to these
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Hamlet Essay Example for Free
Hamlet Essay What have you come to understand about the intense human relationships of Hamlet? How has this understanding been affected by the perspectives of others? In you response you should focus on 3 scenes in the play and a range of perspectives. The intense human relationships of Hamlet have been viewed through numerous perspectives yet all have reached the same conclusions. With the exception of just one, the friendship of Hamlet and Horatio, all the relationships are dishonourable, dysfunctional and destined to fail. Being a revenge tragedy it is immediately clear this play is filled with lies, deceit and treachery. The exact time of Hamlet’s composition is unknown, however it is assumed to be between 1599 and 1602. This was a dark, melancholy time in Shakespeare’s life with the death of his father in 1601 and the death of his only son, Hamnet aged 11, in 1596. It is believed that these events had a significant impact on the writing of Hamlet as the play is heavy with death and has a great similarity with this son’s name. Some perspectives that have been adopted to view and understand the intense human relationships of Hamlet are a religious, psychoanalytic and feminist perspective. When Shakespeare first wrote Hamlet he lived in a strongly religious society where people could be fined for not attending church. Therefore, at this time in history many people had a religious attitude and perspective on the play. The psychoanalytical perspective focuses on the unconscious mind and how it dictates behaviour. This perspective became popular when Sigmund Freud, a well-known psychologist, began developing his psychoanalytic theory, The Oedipus Complex, in 1897. The feminist perspective is often centred around strong women and became particularly popular in the 1950’s being a post world war 2 period. Women were involved in many aspects of the war and made ground in their equality with men. However, when the war ended, women were encouraged to return to their household duties and this sparked much controversy. The family relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude is one of the most intense in the entire play. Their relationship reaches a climax in act 3 scene 4 when Hamlet confronts his mother about her relationship with Claudius and her involvement in the murder of King Hamlet, â€Å"mother, you have my father much offended†. Hamlet sees Gertrude as an adulteress for marrying her husband’s brother two months after his death and believes she is aware that Claudius killed King Hamlet, â€Å"Almost as bad, good mother, As kill a king and marry with his brother†. When exploring this scene from a feminist perspective it can be seen that Gertrude cares deeply for her son yet he scorns her for her recent actions, â€Å"You go not till I set you up a glass where you may see the inmost part of you†. Despite there being no evidence that Gertrude is aware of Claudius’s deed, Hamlet does not trust his mother and this consequently results in his inability to trust other women. The Oedipus Complex comes to the fore when the relationship of these two characters is examined with a psychoanalytical perspective. Freud’s complex suggests that every boy from the age of 3-4 years begins to have unconscious sexual desires for his mother and regards his father as his rival. Through studying this scene from a psychoanalytical perspective it is prominent that Hamlet has an obsession with his mothers sexual relationship with Claudius. He claims that she lives â€Å"In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed†. The scene takes place in Gertrude’s bedroom, which is important as its privacy and intimacy allows Hamlet to express himself fully to his mother and being a place where sexual activity occurs, suggests Hamlets repressed sexual desires. The scene ends with Hamlet possessively demanding her â€Å"but go not to my uncle’s bed†and uses multiple sexual references when he tells her to not let Claudius â€Å"Pinch wanton on your cheek, call you his mouse†. Relating this to the Oedipus complex, Hamlet appears to be more like a jealous lover than a concerned son. Examining act 3 scene 4 from different perspectives gives varied insights into Gertrude and Hamlet’s relationship, yet each perspective deduces that it is a dishonourable relationship with no mutual trust or respect. Another dishonourable family relationship in Hamlet is that between Ophelia and her father Polonius. Polonius manipulates Ophelia for his own benefit, treating her like a tool rather than a person. Their relationships becomes pitiful when she receives orders from her father and responds with â€Å"I shall bey, my lord†, implying that she is at the service of her father. Through the analysis of act 4 scene 5 a deeper understanding can be reached about Ophelia’s relationship with her late father. Following the death of Polonius, Ophelia’s mind becomes unhinged as she drifts into insanity, speaking in songs and rhymes. Considering this scene from a feminists perspective it can be thought that Ophelia went mad with guilt having her desire for Hamlet to kill her father so that they can be together fulfilled. This theory strongly supports the idea that the relationship between Ophelia and Polonius was dysfunctional as she felt she’d never be free to make her own choices until her father was dead. The friendship between Hamlet and Horatio is the only admirable one. Horatio is the one character that Hamlet speaks to openly and confides in. He remains loyal and swears himself to secrecy about the ghost and the pretence of Hamlets madness. He conspires with Hamlet to prove Claudius killed King Hamlet and he stands by him through Ophelia’s death. It is the final scene of the play when the true extent of their friendship is confirmed. Act 5 scene 2 begins with Hamlet confiding in Horatio and reciting the fate of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to him. This further validates their friendship and Hamlets trust in his loyal friend. The scene draws to a close with Horatio wishing to join Hamlet in death. This selfless declaration and his final words to Hamlet before he dies â€Å"good night sweet Prince, and flights of Angels sing thee to thy rest†convey his everlasting faithfulness to Hamlet. Through examining the friendship of Hamlet and Horatio from the beginning of the play to the end, it is clear that, unlike all the other relationships, there is never a doubt about the sincerity of their friendship. Through the close and critical analysis of Hamlet, you can come to the understanding that all but one of the intense human relationships within the play are dishonourable, dysfunctional and destined to fail. Considering this interpretation in the light of other perspectives the same conclusion can be drawn about the relationships.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
The key steps of the implantation
The key steps of the implantation IMPLANTATION The life journey of a conceptus consists of many stages right from the point of conception to the point of birth which is one of natures wonders. However, an essential stage in this journey is the process of implantation. Implantation is generally defined as an event in which an embryo becomes progressively attached to the wall of the uterus during early pregnancy. This process is pivotal to the events that occur later in pregnancy. According to Makrigiannakis (2005), implantation is an active process in which a blastocyst apposes, attaches and progressively invades into the endometrium to establish the placenta (Figure 5). From this definition, we can deduce that the embryo undergoes the process of implantation at the blastocyst stage (Figure 1). Implantation is a process that occurs in mammals and it takes places in the endometrial lining of the uterus. IMPORTANCE OF IMPLANTATION Implantation is a key event in the reproductive physiology of mammals as it is a pre-requisite for further embryonic development. It is the first stage in the process of placental formation which is in turn is a crucial component of fetal development as it serves as a medium for nutrient absorption, gaseous exchange and waste disposal. Physiological defects in humans and other mammals have gone further to emphasize the importance of the implantation process. Implantation defects have been associated with non-chromosomal early pregnancy loss and infertility (Makrigiannakis, 2005). Many complications that show up late in pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia and preterm labour appear to have originated early in pregnancy with abnormalities in the process of implantation and placental development (Norwitz, 2006). Another implantation defect is a phenomenon known as ectopic pregnancy. In this case, the blastocyst implants outside the uterine cavity usually in the fallopian tubes although ectop ic implantation could also occur in the cervix, abdomen and ovaries. A good understanding of the steps involved in the process of implantation and the factors controlling these steps are necessary in order to be able to influence clinical outcomes in humans such as reduction of recurrent miscarriages and improvement of implantation rates in both natural and assisted reproduction. This will also be beneficial to the use of animals in the area of research and agriculture. A greater detail of the events that take place before and during the process implantation shall be discussed herein. PRE-IMPLANTATION DEVELOPMENT The developmental events that take place between the fertilization of the ovum and the implantation of the blastocyst are important in order to understand the process of implantation. Following fertilization, a process known as cleavage occurs (Figure 1). Cleavage is the mitotic division of the cells of the resulting embryo without any growth. This starts from the time the embryo is at the 2-cell stage and each cell continues to divide up to the morula stage. At this point the embryo is a solid ball of 16 or more cells. In humans, this stage is normally observed at about 4 days after fertilization. In continuation of development, the morula undergoes a process known as compaction. Here, the embryonic cells begin to change shape and gap junctions start to form between adjacent cells. The inner cells of the embryo then start to differentiate from the outer cells as different genes are being expressed in the inner and the outer cells. Blastocyst formation follows shortly after and the i nner cells give rise to the inner cell mass whilst the outer cells give rise to the trophoblast cells (Figure 1). A vast knowledge of the structure of the blastocyst is important as each of its structural components play an important role in the process of implantation. The inner cell mass of a blastocyst gives rise to the embryo proper while the trophoblast gives rise to the fetal component of the placenta (Schoenwolf et al., 2009). The process of implantation is generally known to take place a few days after fertilization and the uterine wall is ready to accept the implanting blastocyst during a limited period of time outside of which it may not optimally support the implantation of the embryo. This period of time is known as the ‘window of implantation (Psychoyos et al., 1995; Klentzeris, 1997). THE BLASTOCYST AND THE UTERUS BEFORE IMPLANTATION In the build up to the implantation process following pre-implantation development, there are a number of necessary events that take place. First of all, there has to be a receptive and hormonally primed uterus present. The uterus is composed of 3 layers namely the endometrium, perimetrium and myometrium (Figure 2). The endometrium which is the most important uterine tissue involved in implantation consists of the luminal epithelium, the stroma and the germinal basalis (Yoon et al., 2004). The hormone progesterone, which is secreted by the corpus luteum, is actively involved here as it makes the already thickened endometrial lining of the uterus more favourable for the implantation of the blastocyst. The thickening of the endometrium is due to the effect of estrogens (Norwitz, 2006). The blastocyst is then transported to the uterus via signalling mechanisms and arrives there at about 5 to 7 days after fertilization (Bischof and Campana, 1996). After the blastocyst arrives in the uter us, it begins to move towards the endometrium with the inner cell mass positioned towards the endometrial lining (Bischof and Campana, 1996). Before any further interaction with the endometrium, the blastocyst must undergo a process known as hatching. This simply involves the blastocyst boring a hole through the zona pellucida with the aid of enzymes and squeezing out. It is a general school of thought that serine proteases are responsible for this process although the mechanisms behind its action are not clearly understood (OSullivan et al., 2002). After hatching, the blastocyst is naked of all its original investments and can interact directly with the endometrium (Schoenwolf et al., 2009). At this time, blastocystis also known to secrete moleculesthat affect the activity of the ovary, fallopian tube and the endometrium (Norwitz, 2006). Shortly before the blastocyst comes in contact with the endometrium, thetrophoblastdifferentiates intotwo different cell masses, which are the inn er cytotrophoblast and the outer syncytiotrophoblast which is formed as a result of the fusion of cytotrophoblast cells. PATTERNS OF IMPLANTATION There are three known patterns of implantation which are centric, eccentric and interstitial (Wimsatt, 1975). Centric implantation occurs when the embryo expands and increases in size before implantation, then stays in the centre of the uterus (Lee and DeMayo, 2004). Examples of animals that undergo this pattern of implantation include rabbits, dogs, cows, pigs, sheep, horses and a number of marsupials. Eccentric implantation occurs when the embryo is small in size and implants inside the endometrium usually taking place on the side of the uterus, opposite to the mesometrium (Lee and DeMayo, 2004). Examples of animals that show this pattern of implantation include rats, mice and hamsters. In Interstitial implantation, the embryo is also small and it invades through the endometrial epithelium into the subepithelial connective tissue (Lee and DeMayo, 2004). Examples of animals under this category include guinea pigs and humans (Wimsatt, 1975). KEY STEPS OF THE IMPLANTATION PROCESS There are three key steps in the process implantation namely apposition, attachment and invasion. Apposition This is the first major step of the implantation process following the hatching of the blastocyst. During apposition, the blastocyst comes in slight contact forming a weak bond with the uterine luminal epithelium. Microvilli on the apical surface of the cytotrophoblasts interlock with microprotrusions called pinopodes (Figure 3) which are present on the apical surface of the endometrial epithelium (Norwitz et al., 2001). This interaction involves changes in the expression of cell adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (Nagaoka et al., 2003). Pinopodes are progesterone-dependent organelles, and they have been suggested to be indicators of endometrial receptivity (Nikas, 1999). In humans, they are usually visible on days 20-21 of the menstrual cycle prior to the time of implantation (Nikas, 1999). They could facilitate implantation by preventing the blastocyst from being swept away by uterine cilia (Stavreus-Evers, 2005). It has been identified that high molecular w eight mucin glycoproteins particularly MUC1, are dominant inhibitors of embryo apposition and attachment (Thathiah and Carson, 2002). However, a decrease in the expression of MUC1 at the time of implantation could facilitate blastocyst apposition (Thathiah and Carson, 2002). During apposition, soluble mediators such as chemokines e.g. CX3CL1, CCL7, CCL14 and CCL4 have been found to establish a dialogue between the maternal cells and those of the blastocyst (Hannan and Salamonsen, 2007). Chemokines are a large family of chemotactic cytokines, well known for their functions in leucocyte recruitment and activation (Dominguez et al., 2003). They have a wide range of functions and have been implicated to play a role in implantation (Dominguez et al., 2003). Chemokines have been localized in areas of inflammation and they are suggested to be potential mediators of inflammation (Feng, 2000). This could be the reason why blastocysts tend to implant on scar tissue from caesarean sections which is an area of inflammation (Dominguez et al., 2005). The dialogue between the maternal and blastocyst cells has important influences on the development of the implanting blastocyst and maintenance of endometrial receptivity (Hannan and Salamonsen, 2007). It also results in the expression of a unique array of adhesion molecules on the surface of both fetal and maternal cells, promoting the attachment of the trophoblast cells to the endometrial epithelium (Hannan and Salamonsen, 2007). Attachment Following apposition, the next step in the process of implantation is known as attachment or adhesion. This is characterized by increased physical contact between the blastocyst and the uterine epithelium (Norwitz et al., 2001). At this point the blastocyst can no longer be dislodged. A ligand carbohydrate known as trophinin has been identified as an adhesion molecule that mediates the initial step of attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrial epithelium (Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). Trophinin mediates cell adhesion by homophilic Trophinin-Trophinin binding (Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). A carbohydrate-binding protein known as L-selectin which is expressed in the blastocyst, has also been discovered to play a role in human embryo attachment (Genbacev et al., 2003). Interaction between L-selectin on the blastocyst and L-selectin ligands on the endometrial surface allows for loose attachment and rolling of blastocyst to its implantation site ((Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). The human Ch orionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) produced by the blastocyst up regulates trophinin expression on pinopodes and down regulates MUC1 expression (Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). The blastocyst then adheres to the pinopodes by trophinin-trophinin interaction (Figure 4). A substance known as Heparin Binding Epidermal Growth Factor (HB EGF) has also been implicated in blastocyst attachment (Lim and Dey, 2008). This growth factor is expressed by the endometrium whilst its receptors are present on the blastocyst. This interaction also helps in facilitating the attachment of the blastocyst. Figure 4: Proposed role of L-selectin and trophinin in human embryo implantation. Source: Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008. (a) A human blastocyst entering the uterine cavity is prevented from attaching to the endometrial epithelia by MUC1, except for epithelia that express the L-selectin ligand (T). The human blastocyst expresses L-selectin (L), and ‘rolls on the surface of the endometrium covered by glycocalyx. (b) The blastocyst feebly interacts with the glycocalyx. Here, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which is secreted from the blastocyst, acts locally on endometrial epithelia to induce trophinin expression. (c) Trophinin expressed by endometrial epithelia is enriched in the pinopodes, the structure extended above the glycocalyx. MUC1, which carries the L-selectin ligand, is down-regulated from the endometrial epithelia underneath the blastocyst, allowing direct contact and attachment of blastocyst trophectoderm cells and pinopodes via trophinin-trophinin binding. Invasion The next step which is critical to the implantation of the blastocyst is known as invasion. As the term implies, this involves the infiltration of the endometrium by the cytotrophoblast cells of the blastocyst. This starts with the progression of the trophoblast cells between the adjacent endometrial epithelial cells to reach the underlying basement membrane. This membrane is destroyed, allowing the trophoblast cells to reach the stromal compartment (Bischof and Campana, 1996). The syncytiotrophoblast undergoes proliferation and invades the endometrial stroma. The progressive invasion of the blastocyst into the endometrium continues until the blastocyst is completely embedded in subepithelial stromal tissue and the uterine epithelium grows to cover the implantation site (Norwitz, 2006). The syncytiotrophoblast cells continue to develop quickly and surround the blastocyst until it has completely embedded itself in the endometrial stroma. In the syncytiotrophoblast, fluid-filled spaces known as lacunae are formed as a result of the fusion of syncytiotrophoblast cells. The lacunae are separated by trabeculae and they transform the syncytiotrophoblast into a sponge-like material (Bischof and Campana, 1996). The trabeculae are arranged radially, and cytotrophoblastic cells divide within the trabeculae, leading to the formation of primary chorionic villi (Bischof and Campana, 1996). Following this event, the primary villi grow and branch into secondary and tertiary villi (Bischof and Campana, 1996). This process is known as placentation. A wide range of factors e.g. cytokines, integrins, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Leukaemia Inhibiting Factor (LIF) e.t.c have been found to play a role in the invasion process (Makrigiannakis, 2005; Norwitz, 2006). The role of these c omponents in the process of implantation shall be discussed shortly under the factors that regulate implantation. Figure 5: Implantation of the human blastocyst step by step. Source: Bischof and Campana, 1996. (1): Transport. The blastocyst arrives in the uterus after fertilization. (2) Orientation: The inner cell mass is positioned towards the endometrial lining. (3) Hatching: The zona pellucida is perforated making way for the release of the blastocyst. (4) Apposition: The blastocyst is now in close contact with the endometrial lining but no connections have been established. (5) Adhesion: Connections are established between the embryo and the endometrial epithelium. (6) Invasion: Thin folds of trophectodermal cells intrude between the endometrial epithelial cells. (7) Syncytialization: Some trophectodermal cells fuse to form syncytia which proliferate and invade the endometrial stroma. (8) Villous formation: The cytotrophoblastic cells migrate between the syncytia followed by the fetal stroma. This will lead to the formation of the placental villi. The cells of the endometrial stroma react to the presence of the blastocyst and the secretion of progesterone by differentiating into metabolically active, secretory cells called decidual cells (Schoenwolf et al., 2009). This response is known as the decidual reaction or decidualization. In humans, this begins in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. The decidua is also known as the maternal portion of the placenta (Gilbert, 2006) and it is believed to provide an element of control of trophoblast invasion during implantation (Loke and King, 1995). The decidualized stroma cells have been found to secrete prolactin and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1(IGFBPI) which are held to function in complex gene networks that function in the regulation of trophoblast invasion as well as many other endocrine and paracrine factors (Bazer et al., 2010). This regulatory function is required for the optimal implantation of the blastocyst as the invasion of the cytotrophoblast to the proper depth is a major factor in determining pregnancy outcome (Norwitz, 2006). Excessive invasion resulting from the inability of the decidua to control the invading cytotrophoblast cells could lead to an unusually strong attachment of the placenta to the myometrium (placenta accreta), extension into the myometrium (placenta increta), or invasion through the myometrium into adjacent organs also known as placenta percreta (Norwitz, 2006). Insufficient cytotrophoblast invasion has also been associated with pre-eclampsia (Lyall, 2006; Lee et al., 2010) which is a medical complication that presents itself late in pregnancy. During implantation, a process known as angiogenesis has been identified to be important (Sherer and Abulafia, 2001). Angiogenesis is the growth of new capillaries from pre-existing blood vessels. In this case, it occurs in the endometrium and takes place throughout the implantation period. Endometrial angiogenesis starts with the degradation of the capillary vessel membrane, creating a means through which migrating endothelial cells proliferate to create a new lumen and further vessel maturation (Sherer and Abulafia, 2001). This vascularization functions to maintain endometrial structure and receptivity. Angiogenesis is known to be mediated by some factors present in the endometrium such as fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet activating factors (Norwitz 2006; Sherer and Abulafia, 2001). FACTORS THAT REGULATE IMPLANTATION The regulation of implantation and early development is dependent on a wide range of factors. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind implantation are not well understood, it is apparent that multiple factors (including maternal and fetal) are needed to synchronize blastocyst maturation and uterine receptivity up to the point of initiation of implantation and through the process of implantation (Norwitz, 2006). A closer look will now be taken at some of the important factors associated with implantation and early pregnancy maintenance. Maternal factors Starting with the uterine (maternal) side, there are a lot of components to consider. Cytokines and growth factors have been shown by different studies to be important to the maternal role in implantation. These include interleukin-1 (Sheth et al., 1991; Simon et al., 1996; Stewart and Cullinan, 1997; Huang et al., 1998), Interleukin-2 (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997), Insulin-like growth factor I and II (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997; Giudice and Irwin, 1999), transforming growth factor a and (Slowey et al., 1994; Stewart and Cullinan, 1997; Godkin and Dore, 1998), vascular endothelial growth factor (Athanassiades et al., 1998) and leukemia inhibitory factor (Cullinan et al., 1996; Stewart and Cullinan, 1997). The mode of function of the leukemia inhibitory factor is not well understood but has been established as a critical factor in the process of implantation (Stewart et al., 1992; Cheng et al. 2002). These cytokines and growth factors all work towards facilitating the communication bet ween the blastocyst and the uterus whilst promoting endometrial proliferation and differentiation (Norwitz, 2006). They have also been found to regulate endometrial angiogenesis and vascular permeability (Norwitz, 2006). As mentioned earlier, some steroid hormones such as Progesterone (Peyron et al., 1993) and Oestradiol-17 (Miller, 1988) have also been found to be important. They function in the proliferation of uterine epithelial cells and endometrial stromal cells (Norwitz, 2006). Some changes in the uterine luminal epithelium such as the expression of pinopodes (Nikas, 1999) and MUC 1 (Thathiah and Carson, 2002) have been suggested to be important for blastocyst recognition and attachment. Transcription factors such as the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-s (Lim et al., 1999; Barak et al., 1999) have been identified to function in defining the molecular mechanisms by which the regulatory factors exert their effects at a cellular level (Norwitz, 2006). Studies have shown the relevance of some other components such as homeobox genes Hoxa-10 and 11 which have been found to regulate the responsiveness of stromal cells to progesterone (Benson et al., 1996; Taylor et al., 1997; Lim et al., 19 99), Cyclooxy-genase-2 which regulates prostaglandin production (Norwitz and Wilson 2000) and oxygen tension (Genbacev et al., 1997) which has been found to promote trophoblast vascular mimicry by initiating integrin expression. Also, proteins such as Rac1 and RhoA which are found in stromal cells have been implicated in trophoblast invasion (Grewal et al., 2008). Fetal factors Evaluations of the blastocyst (fetal) factors also reveal that present here, are some of the groups of factors present on the maternal side of implantation as they possess some overlapping functions. Cytokines and growth factors, in addition to facilitating communication between the blastocyst and uterus, could also enhance trophoblast differentiation and invasion. These include Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6 (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997), leukemia inhibiting factor, transforming growth factor a and , insulin-like growth factor II and colony stimulating factor-1 (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997, Cohen et al., 1997). Some trophoblast proteinases and inhibitors such as the matrix metalloproteinases (Makrigiannakis, 2005) and cathepsin B and L (Afonso et al., 1997) have also been found to regulate trophoblast invasion. The expression of some adhesion molecules e.g. integrins have been identified in the enhancement of trophoblast invasion. Some of them include integrin a64, integrin a11 and E-ca dherin (Lessey, 1998; Lessey and Arnold, 1998; Damsky and Fisher, 1998). Some other important factors include prostaglandin E2 which aids the process of endometrial apoptosis and platelet-activating factor which stimulates uterine prostaglandin production (Norwitz, 2006). Immunological factors The immunological interactions between the blastocyst and the uterine decidua are essential in the regulation of the implantation process. Implantation is of immunological significance because the blastocyst contains half of its paternal genes hence it is immunologically foreign to its mother. Despite this fact, blastocyst implantation still turns out to be a successful process and the blastocyst is not rejected by the maternal immune system during normal implantation. This is down to the action of immunological factors. These factors are a combination of elements expressed by both the blastocyst and the uterus and they act together to ensure fetal survival. On the maternal side such factors include Interleukin-10 (Roth et al., 1996; Roth and fisher, 1999) which plays an important role in immunosuppression thus reducing the activity of the maternal immune system against the foetus (Norwitz, 2006). Another factor is 2, 3-dioxygenase (Kamimura et al., 1991; Munn et al., 1998) which has been found to be responsible for macrophage action during implantation (Norwitz, 2006). Uterine natural killer cells found in the stroma also play a role here as they produce cytokine, chemokines and angiogenic factors which all promote and regulate trophoblast invasion (King and Loke, 1997). On the fetal side, factors such as histocompatibility antigen, class I, G (HLA-G) have been found to be involved in preventing the maternal immune rejection of the semi-allogenic foetus (Lanier, 1999; Norwitz, 2006). Coordination of the regulatory factors within the window of implantation The window of implantation as defined earlier is characterized by the perfect synchrony of all the components that play a role in the implantation process. These include the endometrium, the blastocyst and the factors regulating the process of implantation. Figure 6 below illustrates how all these factors are coordinated during the implantation window. This shows that within the window of implantation, the endometrium is highly influenced by steroid hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) and the interaction between the blastocyst and the endometrium is as a result of stage-specific actions of different implantation factors. Figure 6: Events that take place within the implantation window. Source: Achache and Revel, 2006 (A) Endometrium proliferates under the enhancement of estrogen. (B) Progesterone from follicles that have been luteinized leads to endometrial differentiation. (C) The blastocyst makes its way to the uterus via the ostia and rolls freely over the endometrium with the aid of L-selectin signals. (D) MUC-1 repels the blastocyst and prevents it from adhering to areas on the endometrium with poor chances of implantation. (E) Cytokines and chemokines attract the blastocyst to the optimal implantation spot. (F) Adhesion molecules (e.g. integrins and cadherins) attach the blastocyst firmly to the endometrial pinopodes to ensure successful implantation. The functions of all the factors mentioned earlier further emphasize the importance of these components to the process of implantation. A lot of studies have also been carried out on some of these molecules to further establish their importance. A notable one amongst these molecules is the leukemia inhibitory factor. As mentioned earlier, this molecule has been identified to be critical to the process of implantation. Studies revealed that implantation did not occur in female transgenic mice that were homozygous for the deficiency of the gene responsible for the leukemia inhibitory factor (Aghajanova, 2004). It was further proven that the lack of implantation was not caused by faults in the embryo because the implantation of the same embryos occurred when they were transferred to pseudopregnant recipients. The addition of exogenous LIF to the females with this defective gene throughout the period of normal implantation restored implantation sites and allowed proper attachments of the blastocysts (Aghajanova, 2004). LIF and LIF mRNA has also been shown to be expressed throughout the menstrual cycle of women with proven fertility (Arici et al., 1995; Charnock-Jones et al., 1994). This was associated with peaks in the mid and late secretory phase, and in early pregnancy (Aghajanova, 2004). Leukemia inhibitory factor has also been found to be present in uterine flushings within the implantation window in fertile women. This characterized by gradually increasing concentrations from 7 days to 12 days after the LH surge (Laird et al., 1997). In future, the evidence and information obtained from similar studies may be applied clinically through a well regimented administration of LIF in a pharmaceutical form to improve implantation rates in both natural and assisted reproduction. IMPLANTATION AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY (ART) Successful pregnancy outcomes from assisted reproductive techniques such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) have largely depended on the process of implantation. The advances in ART techniques have not had a significant effect on implantation rates (Donaghay and Lessey, 2007) hence a lot of measures have been taken by ART units over the years in an attempt to optimize implantation rates. Assisted hatching (Cohen, 1991) is a well known procedure carried out in this regard. This involves the manual perforation of a blastocysts zona pellucida in order to separate the blastocyst from the zona pellucida just as it would have occurred during natural hatching. This may increase implantation and pregnancy rates in IVF cycles (Chao et al., 1997). The function of regulatory factors in the process of implantation indicates that a number of biomarkers can be adapted from these to determine the ideal period of endometrial receptivity which can be traced and monitored during IVF cycles (Haouzi et al. , 2009). These may include the detection and monitoring of some of the molecules and steroid hormones involved in implantation by making use of samples obtained from IVF treatment cycles such as follicular fluids and embryo culture supernatants. Fluorescent markers can also be used to highlight proteins and any other key component in the blastocyst involved in implantation. Continuous studies are being performed with the aim of discovering techniques that would improve implantation rates during ART treatments. CONCLUSION Over the years, the research carried out on implantation and the factors that control implantation has been done making use of mostly animal models with the exception of some that have employed the use of in vitro human systems. The use of animals in the study of implantation has many benefits as many factors and regulatory mechanisms are being discovered. However, it is difficult to precisely extrapolate results obtained from animal data into human cases. This is one of the problems being encountered by implantation studies as the difficulty and ethical significance associated with research using humans make scientists resort to the use of animal models. The process of implantation occurs with the uterus and the blastocyst in synchrony. It has been clearly shown that a lot of factors are responsible but the complete framework of the regulation of implantation has not yet been understood. With continuous research and more human-based studies, a better understanding of the process and regulation of implantation may be achieved in the future. REFERENCES Achache, H. and Revel, A., 2006. Endometrial receptivity markers, the journey to successful embryo implantation. Hum. Reprod. Update. 12(6), 731-746. Afonso, S., Romagnano, L. and Babiarz, B., 1997. The expression and function of cystatin C and cathepsin B and cathepsin L during mouse embryo implantation and placentation. Development. 124, 3415-3425. Aghajanova, L., 2004. Leukemia inhibitory factor and human embryo implantation. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci.1034, 176-183. Arici, A., Engin, O., Attar, E. And Olive, D.L., 1995. Modulation of leukaemia inhibitory factor gene expression and protein biosynthesis in human endometrium. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 80, 1908-1915 Athanassiades, A., Hamilton, G.S., Lala, P.K., 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates proliferation but not migration or invasiveness in human extravillous trophoblast. Biol. Reprod. 59, 643-654. Barak, Y., Nelson, M.C., Ong, E.S. et al., 1999. PPAR gamma is required for placental, cardiac, and adipose tissue development. Molecular Cell 4, 585-595. Bazer, F.W., Wu, G., Spencer, T.E., Johnson, G.A., Burghardt, R.C. and Bayless, K., 2010. Novel pathways for implantation and establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals. Mol. Hum. Reprod 16(3), 135-152. Benson, G.V., Lim, H., Paria, B.C. et al., 1996. Mechanisms of reduced fertility in Hoxa-10 mutant mice: uterine homeostasis and loss of maternal Hoxa-10 expression. Development. 122, 2687-2696. Bischof, P. and Campana, A., 1996. A model for implantation of the human blastocyst and early placentation. Hum. Reprod. Update. 2(3), 262-270. Chao, K., Wu, M., Chen, S., Yang, Y., Chen, H. and Ho, H., 1997. Assisted hatching increases the implantation and pregnancy rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer (ET), but not that of IVF-tubal ET in patients with repeated IVF failures. Fertil. Steril. 67(5), 904-908 Charnock-Jones, D.S., Sharkey, A.M., Fenwick, P. and Smith, S.K., 1994. Leukemia inhibitory factor mRNA concentration peaks in human endometrium at the time of implantation and the blastocyst contains mRNA for the rec
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
English Literature Polanskis interpretation of Shakespeares Macbeth
English Literature Polanskis interpretation of Shakespeares Macbeth Polanskis interpretation of Shakespeares Macbeth Critical Study: Macbeth Roman Polanski- 1971 What is the context of this film? Who is the intended audience? Polanski’s interpretation of Shakespeare’s Macbeth was produced in the context of the early nineteen seventies. The turn of the sixties decade introduced a period of great change and advancement within society. It was the era of ‘The Man on the Moon’, Women’s Liberation, free sexuality and Communism. Polanski incorporated many of these pressing themes into his work. In particular he chose to highlight the role of women, through the portrayal of the three Witches as such powerful and influential characters in regard to the development of the plot of the film. Polanski’s interpretation of the ending to the story also reflects upon the context in which it was directed. As the Witches are reintroduced at the conclusion of the film, it signifies the continual or cyclic state of unrest within the world. By including such relevant themes in the film, Polanski draws interest from a more modern and educated audience. How does the opening establish in terms of context, setting and interpretation? The opening scenes of the film establish a strong connection with the audience in terms introducing the characters, the plot, and the context in which the film was set and directed. The establishing shot of the film introduces the three witches, who together play a very significant part in the controlling the events which unfold in the film. The witches gather on a rugged coast against a backdrop of a raging storm and tearing ocean. As the witches possessively chant a super natural and unsettling theme is established. At the same time a feeling of reality is introduced as the camera draws in on the witch’s physical characteristics and the hand they are burying in the sand. As the image of the witches fades, the audio of a raging battle becomes the main focus of the audience. The audio piece sets the scene and establishes a context and theme within the film. The audience is immediately drawn into an unsettled world of violence, commotion and conflict, key elements in Polanski’s interpretation of the Macbeth. The open planes over which the battle takes place and the. Apart from the words spoken by the witches, the first conversations of the film establish a great understanding. The conversation that takes place introduces the plot and the key characters involved in the storyline. The context of the film is reinforced through the way the characters speak, their clothes and their values. The open plains, hills and rugged coastline place the events in an isolated and uncivilized setting. The opening scenes of Polanski’s Macbeth clearly establish in the audiences mind the context in which the film was set an directed. It further more establishes an insight into the plot and the characters who have a significant impact upon its outcome. How does the climax highlight this context and interpretation? The climax of the film refers to the siege that is forced upon Macbeth in his castle, resulting in his death and the crowing of Malcolm as King. The main element focused upon in this scene is the extensive amount of violence and brutality present. Such a theme represents not only the context in which the film is set, but in which Polanski’s interpretation was based. The film is set in medieval times, in approximately the fifteenth century. The violence and brutality displayed in the climax help to emphasise the uncivilised and dark period in which the film is set. The setting and the supernatural idea that relate to the climax similarly display such context. Polanski’s interpretation is heavily based around gruesome and brutal violence, the climax being the ultimate display. His interpretation linked closely to he nineteen seventies; the period in which it was being directed. The nineteen seventies decade marked the beginning of heightened change and development in the world. Similarly the fight that took palce between Macbeth and was rapidly intensifying. Like the world, their one on one battle had peaked and could have fell in either direction. Polanski was personally effected by a violent tragedy before his production of Macbeth. Polanski’s wife, Sharon Tate was brutally murdered in ritual cult driven murder by a group of followers of Charles Manson. The vicious and unruly violence featured in the climax can be seen as a link between is grievance and his wife’s death. The violent and fierce nature of events that unfold in the climax further display the context in which the film is set and interpreted. How are the following Represented? Lady Macbeth is portrayed as a powerful and sensual woman of sharp ambition. She is first introduced as a gentle and loving woman of great stance. A low camera angle highlights Lady Macbeth’s importance as does her flowing blue dress in contrast to the dull and dreary background. As she reads Macbeth’s letting outlining his meeting with the witches Lady Macbeth appears softly spoken and innocent. As her thoughts are seized by the prospect of power and wealth her tone immediately changes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ for us to fear the nature, to full of human kindness†. Lady Macbeth’s villainous traits are further established as she uses her sexual power and her position as a loving wife to force Macbeth into murdering Duncan. Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent underneath it. While Lady Macbeth maintains callous personality and a dominating power Macbeth, she is evidently revealed to be a woman of feeling and conscience. The nude shot of Lady Macbeth not only reflects upon the sexuality of her character but her realness and feelings as a person. Macbeth is portrayed throughout the film as a multidimensional character. Greed, power and ambition eventually rob Macbeth of his moral, diligent and respected characteristics. The beginning of the film portrays Macbeth as a noble man and friend. Riding with Banquo, it is one of the few camera shots in the film that display Macbeth and his company at similar angles. After his meeting with the witches, he wonderers in awe about their prophecies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The thane of Cawdor†¦It cant ever be†. He speaks softly as if in disbelief or uncertainty. As his mind ponders he quickly stands†¦ â€Å"I am thane of Cawdor†. His rapid change of thoughts display the different perspectives in which Macbeth takes throughout the film, highlighting his insecurity as a person. As Macbeth is encouraged by his own personal yearnings as well as his wife’s, he is encouraged to do whatever it takes to become king. Eventually being portrayed as an obsessive and gullible man, Ma cbeth’s world falls apart. The witches are consistently portrayed as dark and eerie and eccentric women. Their appearance portrays them as outlaws form society as does their isolated presence. The witches and events that relate to their prophecies are constantly accompanied by fierce weather and darkness .A representation of disruption and an unnatural balance. As they speak in rhyme the witches appear to be possessed or of a supernatural being. Similarly the witches represent the ancient tale of the three monkeys; Hear no evil, see speak no evil and hear no evil. In contrast to their supernatural features, constant physical factors are alluded to create the idea of reality. For example the mans hand they burry in he sand. What values and attitudes are implicit in the interpretation? Are they still relevant to the 2008 audience? Polanski’s interpretation of Macbeth is primarily based around ideas of rapid change, the cyclic world, violence, greed and power. Such themes were very prominent issues in society in the early nineteen seventies. Therefore they not only influenced his interpretation of the film, but also the audience that wit would appeal to. For example, the portrayal of lady Macbeth as such a dominating and sexual person can be viewed as a reflection of the women’s liberation movement occurring at the time. These values and attitudes that Polanski utilizes in his portrayal of Shakespeare’s Macbeth are still relevant in today’s society. As s global society were are still experiencing rapid change as part of the technological revolution. Greed, violence and power continue to be the root of all disruption in the world and the cycle of unrest continues. Compare the film to Shakespeare’s reading. -Does it support your reading? -Are there differences in how you imagined the representation of a character, setting, theme etc.? -Were the themes you believed to be most important in Shakespeare’s Macbeth highlighted? Were others? Polanski’s interpretation of Macbeth supports Shakespeare’s reading from many different aspects. Apart for the alternative ending and slight differences in character portrayal, both the play and the film follow the same basic plot. Watching the visual representations of the play helps to further understand not only understand the plot and the characters but the Elizabethan language which is used in both pieces. Polanski’s film highlights different themes to that of Shakespeare’s Macbeth. He does so according to the modern context in which he directed the film. Polanski’s portrayal of Lady Macbeth as a beautiful young lover differs to the harsh and vicious wife in the play. The witches and there significance is more commonly referred to and highlighted in the film than it is in the play. The main themes in Shakespeare’s play revolve around ideas of power, greed and tragedy. Polanksi’s interpretation incorporates all of theses themes but displays them in a less obvious manner, often disguising them behind violence. Violence and brutality was a theme constantly incorporated into Polanski’s film, while it was also present in the original Shakespearean play, it was not as graphic or as commonly addressed.
Monday, August 19, 2019
EHR Implementation and Effects on Nursing Essay -- medical records, he
EHR Implementation Background The implementation of electronic health records (EHR) continues to make an impact on nursing and patient care throughout the country. As a part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, all public and private healthcare providers were required to implement electronic health records in their facilities by January 1, 2014. By demonstrating â€Å"meaningful use†of the electronic medical record, facilities are able to maintain Medicaid and Medicare reimbursement levels. Providers who show that they are meeting the â€Å"meaningful use†criteria during EHR use will receive an incentive payment from Medicare and Medicaid. â€Å"Meaningful use†is â€Å"using certified technology in EHR implementation to improve quality, safety, efficiency, and reduce health disparities; engage patients and families; improve care coordination; and maintain privacy and security of patient health information†(Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2013). The federal government has encouraged EHR use in hopes that it will significantly improve patient care. There is the intent that electronic health records will allow any provider access to important patient health information no matter where the patient is, while â€Å"creating a comprehensive national electronic health information network that leads to a reduction in the duplication of tests, an improvement in the cost-effectiveness of interventions, and the ability to compile a comprehensive patient history†(McBride, Delaney, Tietze, 2012). While the implementation of EHR’s has good intent, an important question is, â€Å"How are the implementation of EHRs having an effect on emergency nursing and patient care?†Benefits of EHR Use in the Emergency Department Nurses are... ...ers to consider long-term benefits. (2012). ED Management, 24(3). Guterl, G. (2012, April 2). Motivating Meaningful Use on ADVANCE for Nurses. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://nursing.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/Motivating-Meaningful-Use.aspx Kutney-Lee, A. (2011). The effect of hospital electronic health record on. NCBI, 41(11). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3236066/ McBride, S., Delaney, J., & Tietze, M. (2012). Health Information Technology and Nursing. American Journal of Nursing, 112(8). Retrieved from http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/pdf?AID=1402619&an=00152258-201301000-00010&Journal_ID=&Issue_ID= Meaningful Use - Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2013, December 6). Retrieved February 19, 2015, from http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Meaningful_Use.html
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Cults in our Midst :: Essays Papers
Cults in our Midst The book "Cults in our Midst", tells all about the problems of cults and what you should look for when trying to notice if someone is getting involved in a cult. It has many different ideas on what makes a cult and the problems that they put on our society. The interesting part of this book to our group was how it explained how cults use mind manipulation on people to get them to join a cult. It explains in a very efficient format how a cult goes about recruiting its members. The methods that cults use are not very ethical but the author does not approach the subject by choosing a side but instead lets the reader decide if what cults do is good or bad. I think that this was a good way to approach the reader because often times the author can sway his or her audience very easily by only stating the negative or positive side of a subject. I feel that the author had a very good hold on the subject and did a good job at bringing the information across a not a lot of opinions. I also got a lot of my information from a website. The website's address is www.factnet.org. It contained a lot of information on the use of mind control and cults. It had a lot of different ideas about approaches that cults took to entice members to join them. They had many useful links and information was put on the website in a manner that made it easy for you to find information on any area that you were interested in. They have a couple of paragraphs on each section that gives you a quick overview of the subject. If you would like to get more information on that subject matter they give you references and also links to other sites that would help you in your research.
Memory and the Quest for Family History in One Hundred Years of Solitud
Memory and the Quest for Family History in One Hundred Years of Solitude and Song of Solomon Pierre Nora proposes that "the quest for memory is the search for one's history" (289). In their attempt to reconstruct the communal histories of their people, Toni Morrison and Gabriel Garcà a Mà ¡rquez rely heavily on the use of memory as a means to rewrite the history of those oppressed because of race, class and/or gender in a world where historiography has been dominated by the white man. Memory is closely related to the reclamation of identity and history -- both personal and collective. Both memory and history dominate Cien Aà ±os de Soledad (One Hundred Years of Solitude) from the very beginning, where the character Aureliano Buendà a is introduced through his own recollections: "Muchos aà ±os despuà ©s, frente al pelotà ³n de fusilamiento, el coronel Aureliano Buendà a habà a de recordar aquella tarde remota en que su padre lo llevà ³ a conocer el hielo" (9) / "Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendà a was to remember that dis tant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice" (9). Like Garcà a Mà ¡rquez, Toni Morrison claims memory -- as well as imagination -- as an essential part of the narrative act: "The act of imagination is bound up with memory. You know, they straightened out the Mississippi River in places, to make room for houses and livable acreage. Occasionally the river floods these places. 'Floods' is the word they use, but in fact it is not flooding; it is remembering. Remembering where it used to be. All water has a perfect memory and is forever trying to get back to where it was. Writers are like that: Remembering where we were, what valley we ran through, what the banks were like, the light... ...tive Literature Courses." Approaches to Teaching Garcà a Mà ¡rquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude. Marà a Elena de Valdà ©s and Mario J. Valdà ©s. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1990. 21-32. Parkinson Zamora, Lois. "The Usable Past: The Idea of History in Modern U.S. and Latin American Fiction." Do the Americas Have a Common Literature? Ed. Gustavo Pà ©rez Firmat. Durham: Duke UP, 1990. 7-41. Pierce, Robert N. "Fact or Fiction?: The Developmental Journalism of Gabriel Garcà a Mà ¡rquez." Journal of Popular Culture 22.1 (1988): 63-71. Ricci Della Grisa, Graciela N. Realismo Mà ¡gico y Conciencia Mà tica en Amà ©rica Latina. Buenos Aires: Fernando Garcà a Cambeiro, 1985. Strouse, Jean. "Toni Morrison's Black Magic." Newsweek (30 March 1981): 52-57. Watkins, Mel. "Interview with Toni Morrison." New York Times Book Review (11 September 1977): 50.
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